INFLUENCE OF WEEKLY CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT REGIMES ON THE INCIDENCE OF BLOTCHY RIPENING OF TOMATOES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
T. MATSUMOTO ◽  
C. A. HORNBY
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽  
Compensatory Effect

The hypothesis that blotchy ripening (BR) of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was associated with a cumulative effect of alternating periods of bright sunshine and cloudy weather was tested in controlled environment chambers. Temperatures were programed to give diurnal changes between 11.7 C/26.7 C night/day representing sunny days, and 11.7 C/21.2 C night/day for cloudy days. The two levels of light were (1) 18,299 lx for sunny days, and (2) 16,656 lx for cloudy days. These two factors were combined in four regimes to represent (1) sunny-day temperature and light; (2) sunny-day temperature and alternate weeks of sunny-day and cloudy-day light; (3) alternate weeks of sunny-day and cloudy-day temperature and sunny-day light; and (4) alternate weeks of sunny-day temperature and light, and cloudy-day temperature and light. Four series of plants showed a common trend. Consistent sunny-day temperature and alternating weeks of sunny or cloudy-day light produced the highest incidence of BR. Alternating weeks of temperature levels with consistent sunny-day light produced less BR but not significantly so. When sunny-day temperature and light were alternated weekly with cloudy day conditions, there was a reduced percentage of BR and less severe symptoms. This regime suggests a compensatory effect when temperature is varied directly with changes in light intensity. The regime for consistent sunny-day temperature and light gave the lowest BR incidence with mild symptoms.

scholarly journals When accent preservation leads to clash

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
QUENTIN DABOUIS
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Weighted Constraints ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
General Restriction

In English, some complex words can display exceptional accent preservation (EAP): they can preserve an accent from their base even when this would violate a general restriction against adjacent accents (e.g. retúrn → retùrnée). This article analyses EAP both empirically and theoretically. The analysis of a set of 291 derivatives from Wells (2008) shows that this phenomenon can be partially attributed to the relative frequency of the base and its derivative and partially also to syllable structure, and that these two factors have a cumulative effect. It is also shown that the existence of a more deeply embedded base (e.g. colléct→ colléctive → còllectívity ~ collèctívity) can increase the likelihood for a derivative to display EAP. A formal account of the phenomenon is proposed building on Collie's (2007, 2008) ‘fake cyclicity’ analysis, using weighted constraints (Pater 2009, 2016) and Max-Ent-OT (Goldwater & Johnson 2003). Finally, a model of lexical access building on Hay's (2001, 2003) model and integrating more deeply embedded bases is proposed.

scholarly journals Studies on the aetiology of kiwifruit decline: interaction between soil-borne pathogens and waterlogging

2020 ◽  
Vol 456 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Francesco Savian ◽  
Fabrizio Ginaldi ◽  
Rita Musetti ◽  
Nicola Sandrin ◽  
Giulia Tarquini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Soil Microbiota ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Extensive Damage

Abstract Aims In 2012, Italian kiwifruit orchards were hit by a serious root disease of unknown aetiology (kiwifruit decline, KD) that still causes extensive damage to the sector. While waterlogging was soon observed to be associated with its outbreak, the putative role of soil microbiota remains unknown. This work investigates the role of these two factors in the onset of the disease. Methods Historical rainfall data were analysed to identify changes that might explain KD outbreak and mimic the flooding conditions required to reproduce the disease in a controlled environment. A greenhouse experiment was thus designed, and vines were grown in either unsterilized (U) or sterilized (S) soil collected from KD-affected orchards, and subjected (F) or not (N) to artificial flooding. Treatments were compared in terms of mortality rate, growth, and tissue modifications. Results KD symptoms were only displayed by FU-treated vines, with an incidence of 90%. Ultrastructural observations detected tyloses and fibrils in the xylem vessels of all plants, irrespective of the treatment. Phytopythium vexans and Phytopythium chamaehyphon, isolated from roots of FU plants, emerged as the associated microorganisms. Conclusions We succeeded in reproducing KD under controlled conditions and confirmed its association with both waterlogging and soil-borne microorganism(s).

The Influence of Static Factors on Seating Comfort of Motorcycles: An Initial Investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Sai Praveen Velagapudi ◽  
Gaur Gopal Ray
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Vibration Data ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Seating Comfort

Objective: The aim of the current study is to examine the influence of static factors on overall seating comfort in motorcycles and validate the use of static lab-based setups for evaluating seating comfort in motorcycles. Background: Seating comfort in automobiles has two factors, static and dynamic. Research on seating comfort of passenger cars has shown that when the magnitude of vibration reaching the seat is low, comfort is largely determined by static factors. Studies have also validated the use of static lab-based setups for research on seating comfort in passenger cars. Static lab-based setups are easy to develop, provide a controlled environment, and efficient for experimental research. The riding posture, mass distribution, and dynamics of a motorcycle differ from a passenger car and warrant further investigation to extend the results from the research on passenger cars. Method: The study compares subjective rating of seating comfort and objective measurement of seat interface pressure in two test conditions: a static lab-based setup and actual driving on a flat test track where the magnitude of vibration reaching the seat is low. The vibration at the seat is measured for the driving trial. A group of 18 male volunteers from TVS Motor Company participated in the study, and two motorcycles from the economy/executive segment of India are used in the study. The subjective ratings are analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation. The vibration data are analyzed as per ISO 2631-1 to calculate the frequency-weighted acceleration, aw. Results: The results show that there is no significant difference between the two test conditions either in the objective measurements or in the subjective rating of comfort. There is also a statistically significant correlation between the subjective ratings of seating comfort in static lab-based setup and actual riding ( r = .77, p < .01, n = 36). The mean aw at the seat while driving in the test track used in this study is 0.2 m/s2. Conclusion: Static factors have a significant influence on seating comfort in motorcycles. When the vibration reaching the seat is low ( aw ≤ 0.2 m/s2), seating comfort is largely determined by the static factors. The use of static lab-based setups for evaluating static factors of seating comfort in motorcycles is validated. Application: The results of this study enable further research to understand the human criterion for seating comfort in motorcycles using static lab-based setups which are easier to develop and provide controlled environment that is essential for any research.

Time to Flowering of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Genotypes and their Hybrids in Response to Photoperiod and Temperature

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Imrie ◽  
R. J. Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

SUMMARYTime to flowering of mung bean crops varies appreciably depending on the genotype, and the daylengths and temperatures prevailing during the period after sowing. Relatively little is known about the precise nature and inheritance of flowering responses to photoperiod and temperature. The combined effects of variations in these two factors on time to flowering were therefore evaluated in controlled environment studies on six genotypes and four F1 hybrids. The responses were examined for conformity with hypothesized linear models from which inferences might be made of the genetic control of flowering. The analyses suggest that all the genotypes and F1s tested were quantitative short day plants, with the possible exception of one line which may be day neutral. The analyses further suggest that time to flowering was influenced by four genotype-specific attributes: minimum time to flowering, critical photoperiod (Pc), responsiveness to photoperiod longer than Pc, and responsiveness to temperature. Among the genotypes tested, different values were observed for each attribute. In most instances, the values for the F1s were closer to one or other parent, indicating dominance rather than additive genetic effects. We conclude that, with several levels each, the four attributes provide the potential for a diversity of flowering response types within mung bean. Further, it should prove possible to manipulate the mung bean germplasm to obtain novel combinations of attributes, and thus to breed genotypes adapted to photothermal regimes not previously considered suitable for the crop.

scholarly journals Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor daily variations in men: correlation with cortisol circadian rhythm

2008 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Begliuomini ◽  
Elena Lenzi ◽  
Filippo Ninni ◽  
Elena Casarosa ◽  
Sara Merlini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Bdnf Mrna ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Circulating Levels

Expression and secretion of neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are regulated also by neuronal activity. Data available in the literature suggest that BDNF central levels are influenced by light and dark. Diurnal changes of BDNF mRNA and protein contents have been demonstrated in the rat central nervous system. Based on these pieces of evidence, we investigated the hypothesis of a possible diurnal variation of BDNF circulating levels in human males. Moreover, we looked for a possible correlation with cortisol circadian rhythm, since both BDNF and cortisol are implicated in the maintenance of cerebral functions. In this study, 34 healthy young male volunteers were included. Five blood samples were drawn from each subject thrice in a month at regular 4-h intervals (0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 h). BDNF and cortisol were measured in all samples. BDNF was determined by ELISA method. Our results show that plasma BDNF levels, as well as cortisol levels, are significantly higher in the morning when compared with the night (P<0.001), with a trend of constant decrease during the day. Furthermore, plasma BDNF and cortisol are positively correlated (Spearman index=0.8466). The present study is the first to demonstrate the presence of a diurnal rhythm of BDNF in humans. Moreover, the correlation found out between BDNF and cortisol circadian trend allows us to speculate that these two factors may be physiologically co-regulated, in order to maintain the homeostasis of integrated cerebral activities.

Effects of Night Temperature on Growth and Development of IR8 Rice

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Actual Temperature ◽  
Temperature Levels

SUMMARYUnder controlled environment conditions rice variety IR8 was subjected to night temperatures of 15, 20 and 25°C during each of the three periods (a) sowing to floral initiation, (b) initiation to panicle emergence, and (c) panicle emergence to maturity, with day temperatures of 30°C throughout. Night temperatures of 15°C prevented floral initiation throughout the experiment, an effect partly overcome by transfer to higher temperatures after 102 days but not without yield loss. The optimum night temperature was 20–25°C, with some evidence of change of temperature effects, as distinct from the effect of actual temperature levels. As IR8 was developed under relatively stress-free conditions, its sensitivity to temperatures below 15°C may be greater than in varieties developed elsewhere.

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling and experimentation of soy wax PCM solar tank using response surface method

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Rajab Ghabour ◽  
Péter Korzenszky
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Response Surface Method ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Magnitude Effect ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
Temperature Levels

Worldwide, governments tend to reduce the CO2 emissions, and the storage of the solar energy system is still considered the most challenging problem to solve under the current state. Mainly, in relatively cold countries, as domestic hot water or for heat process services, where the loss in the tank is huge. Any improvement in the design can achieve a higher solar yield. Since water is the usual medium for heat storage, the integration with phase change material (PCM) can store energy when there is abundant energy and release it when it is needed. In this study, we conducted a capsulated PCM soy wax 52⁰C in an insulated water tank filled with 5 litres of water. To estimate the appropriate number of samples and the quantity of the PCM at two temperature levels using the response surface method with non-linear correlation for the charging phase. The results show 3.16, 0.95, 0.38 first degree magnitude effect for temperature, sample numbers, and wax quantity respectively and 0.29, -0.38 second-degree magnitude effect for quantity and temperature. In addition, an illustration of each two-factors interaction contour plots.  

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