scholarly journals Studies on the aetiology of kiwifruit decline: interaction between soil-borne pathogens and waterlogging

2020 ◽  
Vol 456 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Francesco Savian ◽  
Fabrizio Ginaldi ◽  
Rita Musetti ◽  
Nicola Sandrin ◽  
Giulia Tarquini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Soil Microbiota ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Extensive Damage

Abstract Aims In 2012, Italian kiwifruit orchards were hit by a serious root disease of unknown aetiology (kiwifruit decline, KD) that still causes extensive damage to the sector. While waterlogging was soon observed to be associated with its outbreak, the putative role of soil microbiota remains unknown. This work investigates the role of these two factors in the onset of the disease. Methods Historical rainfall data were analysed to identify changes that might explain KD outbreak and mimic the flooding conditions required to reproduce the disease in a controlled environment. A greenhouse experiment was thus designed, and vines were grown in either unsterilized (U) or sterilized (S) soil collected from KD-affected orchards, and subjected (F) or not (N) to artificial flooding. Treatments were compared in terms of mortality rate, growth, and tissue modifications. Results KD symptoms were only displayed by FU-treated vines, with an incidence of 90%. Ultrastructural observations detected tyloses and fibrils in the xylem vessels of all plants, irrespective of the treatment. Phytopythium vexans and Phytopythium chamaehyphon, isolated from roots of FU plants, emerged as the associated microorganisms. Conclusions We succeeded in reproducing KD under controlled conditions and confirmed its association with both waterlogging and soil-borne microorganism(s).

ROLE OF ADDED PHOSPHOGYPSUM AND HUMIC ACIDS IN THE KINETIC RELEASE OF SALT FROM SALT AFFECTED SOIL (SALINE – SODIC)

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Salt Affected Soil ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Dissolved Ions ◽  
Kinetic Release

In order to study the effect of phosphogypsum and humic acids in the kinetic release of salt from salt-affected soil, a laboratory experiment was conducted in which columns made from solid polyethylene were 60.0 cm high and 7.1 cm in diameter. The columns were filled with soil so that the depth of the soil was 30 cm inside the column, the experiment included two factors, the first factor was phosphogypsum and was added at levels 0, 5, 10 and 15 tons ha-1 and the second-factor humic acids were added at levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 by mixing them with the first 5 cm of column soil and one repeater per treatment. The continuous leaching method was used by using an electrolytic well water 2.72 dS m-1. Collect the leachate daily and continue the leaching process until the arrival of the electrical conductivity of the filtration of leaching up to 3-5 dS m-1. The electrical conductivity and the concentration of positive dissolved ions (Ca, Mg, Na) were estimated in leachate and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated. The results showed that the best equation for describing release kinetics of the salts and sodium adsorption ratio in soil over time is the diffusion equation. Increasing the level of addition of phosphogypsum and humic acids increased the constant release velocity (K) of salts and the sodium adsorption ratio. The interaction between phosphogypsum and humic acids was also affected by the constant release velocity of salts and the sodium adsorption ratio. The constant release velocity (K) of the salts and the sodium adsorption ratio at any level of addition of phosphogypsum increased with the addition of humic acids. The highest salts release rate was 216.57 in PG3HA3, while the lowest rate was 149.48 in PG0HA0. The highest release rate of sodium adsorption ratio was 206.09 in PG3HA3, while the lowest rate was 117.23 in PG0HA0.

Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russel J Reiter ◽  
Qiang Ma ◽  
Ramaswamy Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Potential Treatment

This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.  

scholarly journals An Overview of Adipose Tissue ACE2 Modulation by Diet and Obesity. Potential Implications in COVID-19 Infection and Severity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7975
Author(s):  
Saioa Gómez-Zorita ◽  
Iñaki Milton-Laskibar ◽  
Laura García-Arellano ◽  
Marcela González ◽  
María P. Portillo
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Lower Activation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Ace2 Gene

The present review is aimed at analysing the current evidence concerning the potential modulation of obesity and/or diet in adipose tissue ACE2. Additionally, the potential implications of these effects on COVID-19 are also addressed. The results published show that diet and obesity are two factors that effectively influence the expression of Ace2 gene in adipose tissue. However, the shifts in this gene do not always occur in the same direction, nor with the same intensity. Additionally, there is no consensus regarding the implications of increased adipose tissue ACE2 expression in health. Thus, while in some studies a protective role is attributed to ACE2 overexpression, other studies suggest otherwise. Similarly, there is much debate regarding the role played by ACE2 in COVID-19 in terms of degree of infection and disease outcomes. The greater risk of infection that may hypothetically derive from enhanced ACE2 expression is not clear since the functionality of the enzyme seems to be as important as the abundance. Thus, the greater abundance of ACE2 in adipose tissue of obese subjects may be counterbalanced by its lower activation. In addition, a protective role of ACE2 overexpression has also been suggested, associated with the increase in anti-inflammatory factors that it may produce.

scholarly journals The Role of Place of Delivery in Preventing Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rate in India

Geographies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Ujjwal Das ◽  
Barkha Chaplot ◽  
Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Place Of Delivery ◽  
At Home

Skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery have been advocated for reducing maternal, neonatal mortality and infant mortality (NMR and IMR). This paper examines the role of place of delivery with respect to neo-natal and infant mortality in India using four rounds of the Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. The place of birth has been categorized as “at home” or “public and private institution.” The role of place of delivery on neo-natal and infant mortality was examined by using multivariate hazard regression models adjusted for clus-tering and relevant maternal, socio-economic, pregnancy and new-born characteristics. There were 141,028 deliveries recorded in public institutions and 54,338 in private institutions. The esti-mated neonatal mortality rate in public and private institutions during this period was 27 and 26 per 1000 live births respectively. The study shows that when the mother delivers child at home, the chances of neonatal mortality risks are higher than the mortality among children born at the health facility centers. Regression analysis also indicates that a professionally qualified provider′s antenatal treatment and assistance greatly decreases the risks of neonatal mortality. The results of the study illustrate the importance of the provision of institutional facilities and proper pregnancy in the prevention of neonatal and infant deaths. To improve the quality of care during and imme-diately after delivery in health facilities, particularly in public hospitals and in rural areas, accel-erated strengthening is required.

INFLUENCE OF WEEKLY CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT REGIMES ON THE INCIDENCE OF BLOTCHY RIPENING OF TOMATOES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
T. MATSUMOTO ◽  
C. A. HORNBY
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽  
Compensatory Effect

The hypothesis that blotchy ripening (BR) of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was associated with a cumulative effect of alternating periods of bright sunshine and cloudy weather was tested in controlled environment chambers. Temperatures were programed to give diurnal changes between 11.7 C/26.7 C night/day representing sunny days, and 11.7 C/21.2 C night/day for cloudy days. The two levels of light were (1) 18,299 lx for sunny days, and (2) 16,656 lx for cloudy days. These two factors were combined in four regimes to represent (1) sunny-day temperature and light; (2) sunny-day temperature and alternate weeks of sunny-day and cloudy-day light; (3) alternate weeks of sunny-day and cloudy-day temperature and sunny-day light; and (4) alternate weeks of sunny-day temperature and light, and cloudy-day temperature and light. Four series of plants showed a common trend. Consistent sunny-day temperature and alternating weeks of sunny or cloudy-day light produced the highest incidence of BR. Alternating weeks of temperature levels with consistent sunny-day light produced less BR but not significantly so. When sunny-day temperature and light were alternated weekly with cloudy day conditions, there was a reduced percentage of BR and less severe symptoms. This regime suggests a compensatory effect when temperature is varied directly with changes in light intensity. The regime for consistent sunny-day temperature and light gave the lowest BR incidence with mild symptoms.

scholarly journals Mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease: the role of radiographic patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Nieto ◽  
Maria J. Rodriguez-Nieto ◽  
Olga Sanchez-Pernaute ◽  
Fredeswinda Romero-Bueno ◽  
Leticia Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Interstitial Lung Disease ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
General Population ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Multicentric Study

Abstract Background To assess mortality rate (MR) and standardized mortality rate (SMR) of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) patients and to evaluate the role of radiographic patterns in mortality. Methods A longitudinal multicentric study was conducted in RA-ILD patients from 2005 to 2015 and followed-up until October 2018 in Madrid. Patients were included in the Neumologia-Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Registry, from diagnosis of ILD. The main outcome was all-cause mortality. The radiographic pattern at baseline [usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), or others] was the independent variable. Covariables included sociodemographic and clinical data. Survival techniques were used to estimate MR, expressed per 1000 persons-year with their 95% confidence intervals [CI]. Cox multiple regression model was run to examine the influence of radiographic patterns on survival. SMR [CI] was calculated comparing MR obtained with MR expected in the general population of Madrid by indirect age-gender standardization. Results 47 patients were included with a follow-up 242 patients-year. There were 16 (34%) deaths, and most frequent causes were acute ILD exacerbation and pneumonia. MR was 64.3 [39.4–104.9], and 50% of the patients died at 8.3 years from ILD diagnosis. After adjusting for confounders, (UIP compared to NSIP was associated with higher mortality risk. The overall SMR was 2.57 [1.4–4.17]. Women of 60–75 years of age were the group with the highest SMR. Conclusions RA-ILD is associated with an excess of mortality compared to general population. Our results support that UIP increases the risk of mortality in RA-ILD, regardless other factors.

scholarly journals The Role of Emotionality and Power on Tendency to Unethical Behaviors

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Hossein Safarzadeh ◽  
Alireza Soloukdar ◽  
Ali Alipour ◽  
Seyedeh Akram Parpanchi
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Ethical Behaviors ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Unethical Behaviors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Two Independent Variables

Emotion and power have been studied very deeply especially during the last decade; however, the common effects of these two factors on individuals' optional behaviors (organizational citizenship, anti-productivity, unethical behaviors) have been less focused. In the present paper, the role of individuals' emotionality, their interest in power, and their tendency to unethical behaviors will be discussed according to the model of Levine. Three questionnaires were distributed and the collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, Multiple Regression, and T- test. Findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between the two independent variables of emotionality and power and tendency to unethical behaviors. Moreover, according to the results of the tests, men are more emotion-oriented and power seekers than women. Keywords: Power, Emotion, Ethical Behaviors

Brothers or others in arms? Civilian constituencies and rebel fragmentation in civil war

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S Mosinger
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Cross National

Why do united rebel fronts emerge in some insurgencies, while in other insurgencies multiple rebel groups mobilize independently to challenge the state, and often, each other? I develop a diffusion model of rebel fragmentation in which participation in rebellion spreads, completely or incompletely, through networks of civilians and dissidents. Using this theoretical framework I hypothesize that two factors jointly determine whether a rebel movement remains unified or fragments: the rebels’ investment in civilian mobilization, and the overall level of civilian grievances. The theory predicts that widely shared grievances motivate the formation of many small dissident groups willing to challenge the regime. Given the difficulty of collective action between disparate opposition actors, an emerging rebel movement will tend towards fragmentation when popular grievances are high. Yet extremely high civilian grievances can also help rebels activate broad, overlapping civilian social networks that serve to bridge together dissident groups. Mass-mobilizing rebel groups, benefiting from the participation of broad civilian networks, are most likely to forge and maintain a unified rebel front. I test this theory alongside several alternatives drawn from cross-national studies of conflict using regression analysis. The quantitative evidence lends considerable credence to the role of rebel constituencies in preventing or fomenting rebel fragmentation.

Beta-Blocker Attenuates Cardiotoxicity Related Anthracycline Usage

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1389-1392
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Beta Blocker ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Therapy Effectiveness ◽  
Chemotherapy Agents

To summarize the recent trials and studies of the role of beta-blocker on the treatment for cancer patients treated with anthracycline to decrease morbidity and mortality rate. Good management of cancer will result in large numbers of cancer survivors. On the other hand, cancer therapy also has side effects, one of which is cardiotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity could reduce therapy effectiveness, hence, increase disease progression and mortality rate. Anthracyclines is one of the chemotherapy agents with cardiotoxicity as a side effect. Beta-blocker has the ability to reduce cardiotoxicity due to anthracyclines usage. Keywords: Beta-blocker; Cardiotoxicity; Anthracyclines

Italian SME Crisis and the Support Offered by Management Consulting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Paolo Bongarzoni
Keyword(s):  
International Markets ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Service Line ◽  
Productivity Increase ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Digital Disruption ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Eu

The effects of the EU measures and the financial crisis limited the potential growth of the Italian small medium enterprises (in term of loss of productivity, increase of unemployment rate, and decrease of customers purchase power). Together with these two factors, the Italian economic system competitiveness (whose backbone is represented by the SMEs) was negatively affected by the “digital disruption.” The purpose of this article is to critically analyse the main causes of this competitiveness loss for Italian SMEs and the role of strategy consultants in helping them to improve their results and their presence in local and international markets. Leveraging on their past industry/service line experience and massive investment in digital transformation (e.g., acquisitions of IT companies, alliances, specialization in software/tools, and internal reorganization), strategy consultants are able to assess, suggest, and implement their clients' digital strategy.

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