THE EFFECT OF FALL-APPLIED N AND P FERTILIZER AND TIMING OF N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF WINTER WHEAT GROWN ON ZERO-TILLED LAND IN MANITOBA

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. GRANT ◽  
E. H. STOBBE ◽  
G. J. RACZ
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Tilled Land

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the rate and timing of N application and the amount of seed-placed P on grain yield and protein content of winter wheat grown on zero-tilled and conventionally tilled land in Manitoba. Yield increased with increasing amounts of fall-applied N and P. Yield, as affected by time of N application, decreased in the order: spring, freezeup, seeding, and applied on snow in winter. Split application of N resulted in yields comparable to that obtained with N applied at seeding. Protein concentration in grain decreased when small amounts of N led to large increases in dry matter but increased when sufficient quantities of N fertilizer were added to meet the requirements for both yield and protein. The amount of fertilizer N recovered in the grain did not differ with time of application in 1979–1980. However, in 1980–1981, N recovery was consistently higher with spring applications of N than with applications at any other time. Differences between the two seasons reflected the higher moisture availability for crop growth in 1980–1981 as compared to 1979–1980. Key words: Winter wheat, zero tillage, nitrogen, phosphorus, protein

A comparison of the yield response of solin (cv. Linola 947) and flax (cvs. McGregor and Vimy) to application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and Provide (Penicillium bilaji)

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
J. C. P. Dribnenki ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Penicillium Bilaji

Field studies were conducted at three locations over three years with Linum usitatissimum L. to determine whether the solin cultivar Linola 947 and the traditional oilseed flax cultivars McGregor and Vimy, differed in seed yield, straw yield and harvest index response to N and P fertilizer and the phosphorus-solubilizing fungus, Penicillium bilaji, marketed as "Provide". While cultivars differed in seed yield, straw yield and harvest index, the relative performance of the cultivars varied with site and year and did not relate to whether the cultivar was solin or traditional oilseed flax. The degree and pattern of response of straw yield and harvest index to N and/or P fertilization varied with year and location. Where significant differences occurred due to P or Provide management, seed yield and harvest index were lower and straw yield higher with application of Provide than with application of P fertilizer, indicating that Provide was less effective than P in enhancing seed yield of flax. Solin did not generally differ from traditional oilseed flax in the response of seed yield, straw yield and harvest index to fertilizer applications. Response of seed and straw yield to N and response of harvest index to P each differed among cultivars in only one-site year, while an N-by-P-by-cultivar interaction occurred in only one site-year for seed and straw yield. Considering the limited occurrence of cultivar-by-fertilizer interactions, fertilizer recommendations produced for traditional flax cultivars should also be applicable to solin cultivars. Key words: Seed yield, harvest index, cultivar

EFFECT OF RATE, TIMING AND PLACEMENT OF N FERTILIZER ON STUBBLED-IN WINTER WHEAT GROWN ON A BROWN CHERNOZEM

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
J. G. McLEOD ◽  
F. SELLES ◽  
F. B. DYCK ◽  
C. VERA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Brown Soil

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in Saskatchewan has increased in recent years due to the introduction of Norstar, a winter hardy variety, and due to the reduction in winter injury when the crop is seeded directly into standing stubble (stubbling-in). Large variations in the amount and distribution of seasonal precipitation in the Brown soil zone may prove detrimental to the adoption of this system. If implemented, fertilizer recommendations will need to be developed to fit this cropping system. A 4-yr study was conducted at Swift Current, Saskatchewan on an orthic Brown Chernozemic silt loam soil to determine the effect of rate, season of application, and placement of urea-N on grain yields and protein concentration of stubbled-in winter wheat. Plant density was unaffected by N. In 1984–1985 and 1986–1987 adequate weather conditions from seeding to early spring resulted in acceptable plant stands, but in 1985–1986 suboptimal winter temperatures and in 1987–1988 severe drought during fall and early spring reduced over-winter survival of wheat. Only 1 year provided better-than-average growing season weather conditions and thus good yields. Grain protein was < 11.5% (the critical lower level for milling) in two of the 4 years. In 1 year, a dry fall and winter coupled with a prolonged hot, dry early spring resulted in poor grain yields and very high protein concentrations (20–22%). Fertilizer-nitrogen, broadcast at 50 kg ha−1 at seeding, resulted in yields and grain protein concentrations similar to those when N was broadcast in April. Band placement of N was superior to broadcast application only in terms of grain protein concentration and N fertilizer recovery. There was no difference between banding N at 5 and 10 cm depth. In all years studied, application of N at 100 kg ha−1 was excessive for this system. It was concluded that producers should be cautious in attempting to grow stubbled-in winter wheat in the Brown soil zone.Key words: Yield, grain protein, N recovery, plant population, kernel weight

Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied in autumn to winter wheat at four sites in eastern England

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Powlson ◽  
P. B. S. Hart ◽  
G. Pruden ◽  
D. S. Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Soil Moisture Deficit ◽  
N Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
A Site ◽  
Large Soil

SUMMARYThe recovery of autumn-applied labelled fertilizer N in winter wheat and in the soil and roots was measured in five experiments on three soil types in eastern England. In four of the experiments, crop recoveries of fertilizer N ranged from 11 to 34 % in years when drainage during winter and early spring was close to, or less than, the long-term average of about 200 mm. Crop recovery was higher (42 %) at a site where the soil was heavier and winter drainage was less. Total recoveries (in crop and soil, 0–50 cm) ranged from 22 to 61 %. Fertilizer N was at least risk to leaching when there was a large soil moisture deficit at the time of application. There was a linear relationship between fertilizer N lost and drainage (but not rainfall) between the time of N application and the end of March of the following year. Autumn-applied fertilizer N increased grain yield slightly in two of the experiments and decreased it in a third.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat in spring in Finland: comparison of calcium ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate, and the effect of split application

1991 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Oili Mohammadi ◽  
Leena Ristimäki ◽  
Stephan Vermeulen ◽  
Esko Viikari
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
In The Beginning

The effectiveness of calcium nitrate (CN) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) as N sources for winter wheat in spring was studied in seven field trials in Southern Finland, in the province of Uusimaa. The experiments were carried out on clay soils in 1986—1989. Nitrogen dressings of 120—150 kg ha-1 were broadcasted either as a single application or split into two applications. The two applications were in most cases 30—40 and 90 —110 kg ha-1. The single or the first split application was given in the beginning of the growing season and the latter application at the end of tillering. The grain yields obtained by a single N application of 140—150 kg ha-1 ranged from 2 610 to 7 550 kg ha-1 and the protein content of grains from 9.4 to 14.5 %. The nitrogen form of the fertilizer had no significant effect on the grain yield and on the protein content of grains. Splitting the nitrogen increased the grain yield by 400 kg ha-1 and the protein content of grains by 0.8 percentage points.

Feasibility of applying all nitrogen and phosphorus requirements at planting of no-till winter wheat

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
D. Domitruk ◽  
F. C. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
P Fertilizer

The recent advances in no-till seeding technology are providing new N management options for crop production on the prairies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential interaction between P and N fertilizer on winter wheat production in a one-pass seeding and fertilizing system and to determine the feasibility of side-banding all N requirements using urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting as compared with the current practice of broadcasting ammonium nitrate early in the spring. Three forms of N fertilizer (urea, anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate), three rates of N (50, 75 and 100 kg ha–1) and three rates of P (0, 9 and 17 kg P ha–1) were investigated. Urea and anhydrous ammonia were applied during the seeding operation, whereas ammonium nitrate was broadcast the following spring. Applying P fertilizer to the side and below the seed at planting with rates > 9 kg Pha–1 increased grain yield in 3 out of 6 site-years when ammonium nitrate was broadcast early in the spring. The positive yield response to P corresponded to soil test levels of 24 kg P ha–1. With soil test levels greater than 34 kg P ha–1, grain yield response to P fertilizer was not observed. When urea was banded at planting, together with P fertilizer, the yield increases with the increased P rates was shown only in 1 out of 6 site-years. At 5 of th e 6 site-years, grain protein concentration was not affected by P fertilizer; while for 1 site-year, the high rate of P fertilization decreased grain protein concentration. Responses of total grain N and P yields to P fertilization were parallel to the corresponding responses of P fertilization to grain yield, and were rarely associated with N or P concentrations in the grain. Applying N fertilizer at rates of 50 to 100 kg N ha–1 increased winter wheat grain yields by 3 to 8% in 3 out of 6 site-years. The high N rates increased grain protein concentrations in all 6 site-years. Grain protein concentration was 6% greater with N fertilizer applied as ammonium nitrate in early spring than when banding urea or anhydrous ammonia at planting. More consistent improvements in grain yield and grain protein concentration were obtained when the N fertilizer was applied as ammonium nitrate in the spring. Further research is required to determine the benefits of applying some of the crop’s N fertilizer requirements at planting, to reduce the risks of N stresses when the spring application is delayed because of adverse weather or soil conditions. Key words: Ammonium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, grain yield, nitrogen timing, phosphorus, protein, urea

Weed Control in Ecofallow Corn (Zea mays) with Clomazone

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail A. Wicks ◽  
Gary W. Mahnken ◽  
Gordon E. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Better Than

Field studies were conducted from 1986 through 1989 to determine the feasibility of using clomazone in a winter wheat-corn-fallow rotation. Clomazone at 1.1 kg ai/ha did not control emerged downy brome in autumn nor did it control redroot pigweed and tumble pigweed that emerged after a spring application of paraquat at 0.6 kg ai/ha. However, clomazone plus atrazine at 0.6 plus 2.2 kg ai/ha provided weed control in winter wheat stubble from October to corn harvest 12 mo later. Corn yields from this treatment were equal to or greater than the conventional practice of applying atrazine plus glyphosate at 2.2 plus 0.4 kg ae/ha in the fall followed by a spring application of metolachlor plus dicamba at 2.8 ai plus 0.3 kg ae/ha. When kochia densities were high, clomazone plus atrazine controlled triazine-resistant kochia better than metolachlor plus dicamba. Atrazine at 2.2 kg/ha applied in autumn followed by clomazone at 0.8 kg/ha in April generally caused more corn injury than when the same rate of clomazone was applied in autumn with the atrazine. The percent of bleached corn plants varied with planter, year, time of application, and rate of clomazone applied. The optimum time to apply clomazone at 0.6 kg/ha was in autumn with atrazine. This treatment caused some corn bleaching but produced the highest corn yield over 3 yr. In a dry autumn and spring, less clomazone injury occurred with a planter equipped with row cleaners than those without. The injury pattern associated with planters was inconsistent when precipitation was average and no injury occurred in a wet autumn and spring.

scholarly journals Reduced fertiliser use and changes in cereal grain weight, test weight and protein content in Finland in 1990-2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. SALO ◽  
J. ESKELINEN ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
P Application ◽  
Fertiliser Use ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Since 1995 the Finnish Agri-Environmental Program has set limits for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser application rates in agriculture. The decrease in N and P fertiliser recommendations, and especially the decrase in N and P amounts applied in practice, has raised the question of whether N and P application rates are too low to produce high quality yields. The test weight, 1000 grain weight and protein concentrations measured in 1990–2005 by the Cereal Inspection Unit of the Finnish Food Safety Authority were analysed against soil type, location and NP fertiliser data. The purpose of this study was to document and statistically analyse changes in fertiliser use, important quality factors and the connection between fertiliser use and grain quality of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) as well as spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Applications of N and P fertiliser, test weight and 1000 grain weight have decreased in Finland since 1990-1994. Protein content began to decrease in 1995–1999, but then increased in 2000–2005. The statistical analysis showed that reduced N application rates are associated with lower test weight, 1000 grain weight and grain protein concentration. In addition, low P application rates were associated with reduced 1000 grain weight and protein concentration in some instances, although protein concentration also increased in winter wheat grain. The magnitude of grain quality reduction was not solely explicable through N and P application rates. During the observation period many other factors changed in Finnish cereal production and, for example, the decrease in cereal prices, increase of reduced tillage and low investments in drainage and liming could have been associated with decreased grain quality.;

Nitrogen Application Timing Effects on Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Growth and Yield

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Ball ◽  
Donald J. Wysocki ◽  
Thomas G. Chastain
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
N Application

Field studies were conducted for two years at two locations near Pendleton and Moro, OR to evaluate the influence of single sub-surface nitrogen (N) fertilizer application timings and multiple N applications on downy brome and winter wheat growth and yield. N applications in fallow, at planting, during the crop season, and several split N application timings were compared to evaluate downy brome interference in winter wheat. N application rates varied between locations as a function of average annual precipitation and accepted agricultural practice. Pendleton and Moro were considered high and low precipitation sites, respectively. At Pendleton in a year of above average precipitation, N applied at planting, in-crop, or split applications of N with part of N applied at planting and part in-crop, increased downy brome dry matter production compared to N applied in fallow. Downy brome infestation eliminated otherwise positive wheat yield benefits of split N application compared to the conventional commercial practice of N application in fallow. In a year of moderate precipitation, N applications at planting, in-crop, or split N applications did not benefit wheat yield compared to N application in fallow, but downy brome dry matter was increased. In a dry season, N rates and timings did not increase downy brome dry weight or wheat grain yield. In the absence of downy brome, alternative N application techniques increased wheat yield only under high growing season precipitation.

VARIATION IN PROTEIN, SIZE AND SEEDLING VIGOR WITH POSITION OF SEED IN HEADS OF WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. RIES ◽  
G. AYERS ◽  
V. WERT ◽  
E. H. EVERSON
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Protein Size ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

The protein content and size of winter wheat seed (Triticum aestivum L.) varies with the position of the seed in the head. Within a genotype, seed higher in protein content and/or larger in size will produce more vigorous seedlings. Regardless of cultivar, the seed from the a and b florets of the bottom 10 spikelets contained more protein per seed than that from all c florets and the a and b florets from above the 10th spikelet. In all cases, seedling vigor was significantly correlated with seed size and protein concentration, but was most closely correlated with protein per seed. A foliar application of urea after anthesis appreciably increased the quantity of protein per seed in all positions in the head of all cultivars. The increase was greatest in the a and b florets of the bottom 10 spikelets, not in those florets lowest in protein initially.

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tolerance to mixtures of herbicides and fungicides applied at different timings

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody A. Robinson ◽  
Michael J. Cowbrough ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
François J. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Application Field ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Fungicide Mixtures

Robinson, M. A., Cowbrough, M. J., Sikkema, P. H. and Tardif, F. J. 2013. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tolerance to mixtures of herbicides and fungicides applied at different timings. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 491–501. Farmers commonly tank-mix herbicides and fungicides to reduce application costs. In the spring of 2008, there were reports of winter wheat injury with the application of herbicide–fungicide tank-mixes early in the growing season. This study was established to determine the tolerance of winter wheat to herbicide–fungicide mixtures as influenced by time of application. Field studies were conducted at four Ontario locations in 2009 and 2010 with three herbicides and four fungicides. Herbicide–fungicide tank-mixes were applied early, under cold conditions, and late at growth stage Zadoks 37–39. Dichlorprop/2,4-D mixed with tebuconazole caused up to 15% injury when applied early and up to 29% injury when applied late. Bromoxynil/MPCA mixed with tebuconazole injured wheat up to 15% when applied early but only 10% when applied late. Other herbicide and fungicide mixes caused a lower level of injury. Visible injury was transient and did not reduce winter wheat yields. The likelihood of tank-mixes causing injury was greater when they were applied late. The fungicide tebuconazole caused the highest level of injury when mixed with herbicides and injury was particularly high with dichlorprop/2,4-D.

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