Agronomic performance of different stature sunflower cultivars under different levels of interplant competition

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Angadi ◽  
M. H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dwarfing Gene ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Interplant Competition

Early-maturing, short-stature sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars improve the adaptability of sunflower to the short growing season of western Canada. However, the agronomic potential of the recently developed dwarf cultivars in comparison to standard-height sunflower is yet to be understood. Multi-environment field studies, consisting of space-planted trials, where interplant competition was low, and agronomy trials, where plants were grown at commercial population densities, were conducted in southern Manitoba to compare the yield formation of dwarf hybrids (sunwheats; SW-101 and SW-103), and dwarf open-pollinated c ultivars (sunola; Aurora and Sierra) with that of standard-height cultivars (IS-6111 and SF-187). In space-planted trials, dry matter (DM) accumulation and water use efficiency for dry matter production (WUEDM) decreased as plant height decreased. In agronomy trials, differences in DM and WUEDM among the different height classes were masked. The diversion of assimilate from stem to head depended on the genetic background, while the efficiency of utilising assimilate in the head for seed production was lower in dwarf cultivars. Only one of the four dwarf cultivars (SW-103) displayed a higher harvest index than IS-6111. Higher seed yield for the standard-height cultivar, IS-6111, and the dwarf open-pollinated cultivar, Aurora, compared to other cultivars was attributed to both greater DM and improved DM partitioning. However, variations observed among the dwarf cultivars for DM accumulation and partitioning revealed that the dwarfing gene was not a limiting factor for breeding a dwarf sunflower cultivar with better partitioning of DM along with better yield potential. Key words: Dwarf sunflower, Sunola, seed yield, biomass, water use efficiency

Growth, development, and yield of three oilseed Brassica species in a water-limited environment

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lewis ◽  
N Thurling
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Oilseed Brassicas

Representative lines of Brassica napus, B. campestris, and B. juncea were compared at East Beverley in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia on the basis of agronomic and physiological characters known to affect seed yield. Seed yield of B. juncea line 81794 was 32% higher than the locally adapted B. napus cv. Wesbrook (76 g/m2). Yields of B. napus cv. Eureka and the 2 B. campestris populations were not significantly different from Wesbrook and were lower than 81794. The higher yield of 81794 was due to higher dry matter production, particularly after first open flower. Yield superiority of 81794 was not associated with any single yield component. Under the water-stressed conditions of this experiment, seed yield had a strong positive correlation with dry matter production after first open flower. Differences in dry matter production during this period were due to variation in crop growth rates among the lines, not to variations in duration of the period. There was no relationship between flowering time and seed yield in this experiment, suggesting earlier reproductive development is not obligatory for high yield of oilseed Brassicas in low rainfall mediterranean environments. Total water use throughout the season differed little among populations, but there were differences in water use patterns over time. The greater rate of dry matter accumulation of 81794 is due to its ability to extract more water from the soil profile after anthesis; postanthesis water use of 81794 was 20% higher than that of Wesbrook. Water use efficiency of 81794 was also higher than that of Wesbrook, because soil evaporation comprised a smaller proportion of evapotranspiration. Further increases in seed yield of oilseed brassicas in this environment should be possible if higher postanthesis water use could be combined with lower soil evaporation and improved water use efficiency.

Comparing the adaptation of sunola, canola and mustard to three soil climatic zones of the Canadian prairies

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Miller ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
S. A. Brandt ◽  
C. L. McDonald ◽  
D. A. Derksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Semi Arid

Sunola (Helianthus annuus L.) emerged in the early 1990s as a new drought- and heat-tolerant oilseed crop option for prairie producers. This study was conducted to compare the agronomic performance of sunola with that of canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.) and mustard (B. juncea L.). In 1993 and 1994 a spring seeding date experiment comparing crop maturity and grain yield of sunola, canola and mustard was conducted at three locations: Swift Current and Scott in the semi-arid Brown and Dark Brown soil zones, respectively, and Melfort in the subhumid Black soil zone. Additionally, a tillage system experiment was conducted at Swift Current that compared grain yield and water-use-efficiency (WUE) of sunola and mustard grown in four tillage treatments: tilled, and untilled fallow, and tilled, and untilled wheat stubble. In the more typical 1994 season, the average thermal time to reach maturity for sunola was 1200 growing degree days (GDD), consistent for all locations, and was greater than that required for B. napus by 70 to 320 GDD (1–4 wk), depending on location. When compared with the seed yield of the Brassica spp. oilseeds, sunola averaged 59% at Swift Current, 54% at Scott, and 94% at Melfort. The WUE for sunola was 3.0 and 2.9 kg ha−1 mm−1 when grown on fallow and wheat stubble, respectively, compared with 5.6 and 4.8 kg ha–1 mm–1 for mustard. Due to its low seed yield potential and low WUE, sunola is not well adapted for production in the semi-arid Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. Key words: Sunola, canola, mustard, adaptation, seeding date, water-use-efficiency

Response of four grain legumes to water stress in south-eastern Queensland. III. Dry matter production, yield and water use efficiency

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

Dry matter production, yield and water use efficiency of soybean (Glycine max), black gram (Vigna mungo), green gram (V. radiata) and cowpea (V. unguiculata) under irrigated, rain-fed fallowed and rain-fed double-cropped culture were evaluated at Dalby in south-east Queensland. Differential species responses to cultural treatments were related to strategies of growth and water use in response to water stress. The major effect of differences between strategies related to differences in the short term rate of soil water use, which together with the seasonal pattern of water availability influenced both the total, and seasonal pattern of water use. Regardless of strategy adopted, dry matter production was primarily a function of water use. However, seed yield and water use efficiency for seed yield depended on the seasonal pattern of water use. The relative agronomic success of the various strategies therefore depended on the seasonal profiles of water availability. Some implications of the differences in stress response strategy for adaptation of these species to agricultural environments are discussed.

scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation on Guar Genotypes (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.): Effects on Seed Yield and Water Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Giovanni Avola ◽  
Ezio Riggi ◽  
Calvin Trostle ◽  
Orazio Sortino ◽  
Fabio Gresta
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Seed Yields

For guar, a well-known drought and heat-tolerant industrial legume with a spring–summer cycle, limited research has been conducted into measuring the effects of drought on yield potential. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) on five cultivars of guar (Kinman, Lewis, Matador, Monument, and Santa Cruz) in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Three different water replenishment levels were used: fully irrigated (IH, 100% of the ET), and 50% (IM) and 25% (IL) irrigated. Seed yields ranged from 1.24 (IL) to 3.28 t ha−1 (IH) in 2011, and from 0.98 (IL) to 2.88 t ha−1 (IH) in 2012. Compared to IH, the two-year average seed yield reductions for IL and IM were 49% and 26%, respectively. Lewis and Santa Cruz showed significantly greater grain yields under fully-watered and water-limited conditions. The number of pods per plant achieved the highest positive direct effects on seed yield (r = 0.924***). The highest values of water use efficiency were observed in the IL water regime (1.44 kg m−3 with increments in improved water use efficiency of +34 and +95% when compared with IM and IH, respectively).

scholarly journals Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Seed Yield, Yield Components, and Water Use Efficiency of Cleistogenes songorica

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Qibo Tao ◽  
Mengjie Bai ◽  
Cunzhi Jia ◽  
Yunhua Han ◽  
Yanrong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Use Efficiency

Irrigation and nitrogen (N) are two crucial factors affecting perennial grass seed production. To investigate the effects of irrigation and N rate on seed yield (SY), yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE) of Cleistogenes songorica (Roshevitz) Ohwi, an ecologically significant perennial grass, a four-year (2016–2019) field trial was conducted in an arid region of northwestern China. Two irrigation regimes (I1 treatment: irrigation at tillering stage; I2 treatment: irrigation at tillering, spikelet initiation, and early flowering stages) and four N rates (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha−1) were arranged. Increasing amounts of both irrigation and N improved SY, evapotranspiration, WUE, and related yield components like fertile tillers m−2 (FTSM) and seeds spikelet−1. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed between 120 and 180 kg N ha−1 treatments for most variables. The highest SY and WUE was obtained with treatment combination of I2 plus 120 kg N ha−1 with four-year average values of 507.3 kg ha−1 and 1.8 kg ha−1 mm−1, respectively. Path coefficient and contribution analysis indicated that FTSM was the most important yield component for SY, with direct path coefficient and contribution coefficient of 0.626 and 0.592. Overall, we recommend I2 treatment (three irrigations) together with 120 kg N ha−1 to both increase SY and WUE, especially in arid regions. Future agronomic managements and breeding programs for seed should mainly focus on FTSM. This study will enable grass seed producers, plant breeders, and government program directors to more effectively target higher SY of C. songorica.

scholarly journals Effects of Wheat streak mosaic virus on Root Development and Water-Use Efficiency of Hard Red Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 766-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Price ◽  
F. Workneh ◽  
S. R. Evett ◽  
D. C. Jones ◽  
J. Arthur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽  
Hard Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the effects of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a member of the family Potyviridae, on root development and water-use efficiency (WUE) of two hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, one susceptible and one resistant to WSMV. In the greenhouse studies, wheat cultivars were grown under three water regimes of 30, 60, and 80% soil saturation capacity. After inoculation with WSMV, plants were grown for approximately 4 weeks and then harvested. Root and shoot weights were measured to determine the effect of the disease on biomass. In all water treatments, root biomass and WUE of inoculated susceptible plants were significantly less (P < 0.05) than those of the noninoculated control plants. However, in the resistant cultivar, significance was only found in the 30 and 60% treatments for root weight and WUE, respectively. Field studies were also conducted under three water regimes based on reference evapotranspiration rates. Significant reductions in forage, grain yield, and crop WUE were observed in the inoculated susceptible plots compared with the noninoculated plots. Both studies demonstrated that wheat streak mosaic reduces WUE, which is a major concern in the Texas Panhandle because of limited availability of water.

Effect of drought stress on residual transpiration and its relationship with water use of wheat

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
A. G. Condon
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Residual Transpiration

Increasing the water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum spp.) has long been a goal in semiarid areas. Low rates of residual (cuticular) transpiration are thought to improve yield potential of wheat under dry conditions, although the linkage is tenuous. The objective of this work was to investigate the association of residual transpiration with water use, WUE, and leaf water status in hexaploid (T. aestivum L.) and tetraploid (T. turgidum L. var. durum) genotypes grown under two watering regimes in two glasshouse experiments. Single plants were grown in 0.1-m × 1-m (0.1-m × 0.5-m in exp. 2 low-stress treatment) PVC tubes filled with soil. The watering regimes consisted of weekly replenishment of water used (low stress), or addition of sufficient water to ensure plant survival (high stress). At anthesis, flag leaf residual transpiration (rate of water loss from excised leaves), stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC), and osmotic potential (exp. 1 only) were measured. Water use was not correlated with residual transpiration rate in either experiment. Residual transpiration rate did not differ for the two stress treatments in exp. 1, but there were significant (P < 0.01) genotype by stress treatment interactions. Residual transpiration rate was not related to plant water status (leaf RWC or osmotic potential) as had been reported in other studies. Key words: Cuticular transpiration, water use efficiency, Triticum aestivum L., Triticum turgidum L. var. durum

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