Moisture in maize kernels at physiological maturity

The “desirable” kernel moisture that was used for the original heat unit rating of the “check” corn hybrids in Ontario for 30 yr was replaced with a kernel moisture of 32% in 1993. This level of moisture at physiological maturity was confirmed in a study by Ma and Dwyer (2001) that related the progression if the kernel “milk” line with the decrease in moisture content during grain filling. This communication discusses an interpretation of these results. Key words: Crop heat units, milk line, kernel moisture

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Changes in kernel characteristics during grain filling in silage-specific and dual-purpose corn hybrids

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps2011-071 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 427-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. L. Ma ◽

L. M. Dwyer

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Plant Population ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Weight Content ◽

The Difference

Ma, B. L. and Dwyer, L. M. 2012. Changes in kernel characteristics during grain filling in silage-specific and dual-purpose corn hybrids. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 427–439. Silage-specific corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids have been gaining in popularity in recent years, but there is a lack of information about the difference in kernel characterization between Leafy silage-specific and dual-purpose hybrids. A field study was conducted for 4 yr to determine the changes in kernel moisture content, kernel dry weight, kernel nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations over the period of grain filling for Leafy silage-specific and dual-purpose hybrids at two plant population densities. In both types of hybrids, kernel dry weight content increased rapidly from approximately 2 wk after silking and reached a maximum at about 50 to 68 d after silking. While some differences among hybrids in kernel maximum dry weight were noted (P<0.05), there was no distinction between hybrid types. The coefficients of kernel moisture change differed greatly between the two types with lower rates of decline of kernel moisture in some of the Leafy silage-specific hybrids (down-hill slope b<0.0136±0.00044 g kg−1d−1) than the dual-purpose or silage hybrids without the Leafy characteristic (b≥0.0164±0.00039 g kg−1d−1). Higher plant population density had a negligible effect on kernel moisture decline and N and P concentrations, but reduced kernel dry weight by up to 7% in one year. Kernel P was linearly positively correlated with N content (r>0.79, P<0.01), and there was a linear relationship between kernel moisture and the whole-plant silage moisture content (R2≥0.70). Our data also showed that one of the Leafy silage-specific hybrids had higher rates of kernel dry weight accumulation and softer kernel hardness (P<0.05) than the dual-purpose or non-Leafy silage hybrids. Our findings on the distinct characteristics of hybrid types are important considerations for corn producers to choose suitable hybrids and make decisions on silage harvest dates.

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Analysis of the moisture content of maize kernels in over-ripe plants

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.54.2006.4.5 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 425-430

Author(s):

T. Árendás ◽

L. C. Marton ◽

P. Bónis ◽

Z. Berzsenyi

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Maize Grain Yield ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Maize Kernels

The effect of varying weather conditions on the moisture content of the maize grain yield was investigated in Martonvásár, Hungary from late August to late September, and from the 3rd third of September to the 1st third of Novemberbetween 1999 and 2002. In every year a close positive correlation (P=0.1%) could be observed between the moisture content in late September and the rate of drying down in October. Linear regression was used each year to determine the equilibrium moisture content, to which the moisture content of kernels returned if they contained less than this quantity of water in late September and harvesting was delayed. In the experimental years this value ranged from 15.24-19.01%.

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Ear moisture during kernel development as influenced by field and laboratory selection

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps95-097 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 557-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. Z. Cross

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Field Study ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Test Weight ◽

Mass Selection ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Drying Characteristics ◽

Laboratory Selection

Grain quality, timeliness of harvest, and profitability can be increased by improving field drying characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. To better understand hows genes control ear drying, I compared maize strains developed by divergently selecting three cycles for (1) high HM or low LM moisture content at 45 d post pollination in the field or (2) fast FD vs. slow ear drying SD In laboratory. A field study across five locations compared HM, LM, FD, and SD strains from each of five synthetics for grain yield, ear moisture at harvest, test weight, lodging, and other agronomic traits. I studied ear moisture during grain filling for two subsets of divergently selected strains from one and three synthetics for 2 yr. In a third 2-yr field study, I measured mature kernel weight, lag period duration (LPD), effective grain-filling period (EFPD), and rate of dry matter accumulation (RDMA) for LM and HM strains developed from each of four synthetics. When averaged across the five synthetics, both SD and LM selections produced equivalent yields but lower ear moisture at harvest than the corresponding divergent strains. The LM strains had higher test weights than HM strains. When averaged across three synthetics and 2 yr, the HM strains produced higher moisture than LM strains at 15, 30, 45, and 60 d after silking. However, environments also influenced moisture content of the kernels during grain filling. In three of the four synthetics studied, HM strains had heavier kernels than corresponding LM strains. The heavier kernels seem to be due to increased RDMA. When averaged across four synthetics, LM strains had shorter LPD than HM strains. These correlated selection responses suggest that a genetic association exists among moisture content during grain filling, moisture content at physiological maturity, moisture content at harvest, LPD, and test weight. Breeding for LM or SD should improve field-drying characteristics of maize without increasing stalk breakage or decreasing yields. Key words:Zea mays L., grain filling, dry-down rates, mass selection, breeding methods

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DH3604 soybean

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p05-188 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 483-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elroy R. Cober ◽

Harvey D. Voldeng ◽

Judith A. Frégeau-Reid ◽

Ronald J. D. Guillemette

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Key Words ◽

Soybean Cultivar ◽

Heat Unit ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Cultivar Description

DH3604 is a 2700 crop heat unit soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar developed for natto soyfood production. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description, natto

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AC Albatros soybean

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps96-030 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 151-152

Author(s):

H. D. Voldeng ◽

R. J. D. Guillemette ◽

D. A. Leonard ◽

E. R. Cober

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Key Words ◽

Good Yield ◽

Soybean Cultivar ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Heat Unit ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Cultivar Description

AC Albatros is a 2500 crop heat unit soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with good yield potential. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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Seed development in Malva parviflora: onset of germinability, dormancy and desiccation tolerance

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea06078 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 683 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pippa J. Michael ◽

Kathryn J. Steadman ◽

Julie A. Plummer

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Seed Development ◽

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Physical Dormancy ◽

Seed Moisture Content ◽

Physiological Maturity ◽

Seed Moisture ◽

Physiological Dormancy ◽

Malva Parviflora

Seed development was examined in Malva parviflora. The first flower opened 51 days after germination; flowers were tagged on the day that they opened and monitored for 33 days. Seeds were collected at 12 stages during this period and used to determine moisture content, germination of fresh seeds and desiccation tolerance (seeds dried to 10% moisture content followed by germination testing). Seed moisture content decreased as seeds developed, whereas fresh (max. 296 mg) and dry weight (max. 212 mg) increased to peak at 12–15 and ~21 days after flowering (DAF), respectively. Therefore, physiological maturity occurred at 21 DAF, when seed moisture content was 16–21%. Seeds were capable of germinating early in development, reaching a maximum of 63% at 9 DAF, but germination declined as development continued, presumably due to the imposition of physiological dormancy. Physical dormancy developed at or after physiological maturity, once seed moisture content declined below 20%. Seeds were able to tolerate desiccation from 18 DAF; desiccation hastened development of physical dormancy and improved germination. These results provide important information regarding M. parviflora seed development, which will ultimately improve weed control techniques aimed at preventing seed set and further additions to the seed bank.

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Performance of Disk Mill Type Mechanical Grinder for Size Reducing Process of Robusta Roasted Beans

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v23i3.39 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Mulato ◽

Sukrisno Widyotomo ◽

Hadi Karia Purwadaria2

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Product Quality ◽

Key Words ◽

Milling Process ◽

Processing Method ◽

Technical Parameters ◽

Powder Product ◽

Disk Mill ◽

Coffee Powder ◽

Grinding Machine

One of improtant steps in secondary coffee processing that influence on final product quality such as consistency and uniformity is milling process. Usually, Indonesian smallholder used "lumpang" for milling coffee roasted beans to coffee powder product which caused the final product not uniformed and consistent, and low productivity. Milling process of coffee roasted beans can be done by disk mill type mechanical grinder which is used by smallholder for milling several cereals. Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute have developed disk mill type grinding machine for milling coffee roasted beans. Objective of this research is to find performance of disk mill type grinding machine for size reducing process of Robusta roasted beans from several size dried beans and roasting level treatments. Robusta dried beans which are taken from dry processing method have 13—14% moisture content (wet basis), 680—685 kg/m3 density, and classified in 3 sizes level. The result showed that the disk mill type of grinding machine could be used for milling Robusta roasted beans. Machine hascapacity 31—54 kg/h on 5,310—5,610 rpm axle rotation and depend on roasting level. Other technical parameters were 91—98% process efficientcy, 19—31 ml/ kg fuel consumption, 0.3—1% slips, 50—55% particles had diameter less than 230 mesh and 38—44% particles had diameter bigger than 100 mesh, 32—38% lightness was increased, 0.6—12.6% density was decreased, and solubility of coffee powder between 28—30%. Cost milling process per kilogram of Robusta roasted beans which light roast on capacity 30 kg/hour was Rp362.9. Key words : Coffee roasted, Robusta, disk mill, mechanical grinder, size reduction.

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Heat Stress During Grain Filling in Maize: Effects on Carbohydrate Storage and Metabolism

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9940829 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 829 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

GW Singletary ◽

R Banisadr ◽

PL Keeling

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Seed Size ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Soluble Starch ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Starch Accumulation ◽

Maize Kernels

Heat stress during maize seed development can interfere with endosperm starch biosynthesis and reduce seed size, an important component of yield. Our objectives were to evaluate the direct influence of temperature during grain filling on kernel growth, carbohydrate accumulation, and corresponding endosperm metabolism. Kernels of maize were grown in vitro at 25�C until 15 or 16 days after pollination and then subjected to various temperatures for the remainder of their development. Mature kernel dry weight declined 45% in a linear fashion between 22 and 36�C. The rate of starch accumulation reached a maximum at approximately 32�C, and when measured at frequent intervals, declined only slightly with further temperature increase to 35�C. Reduced seed size resulted from an abbreviated duration of starch-related metabolism, which did not appear to be limited by endogenous sugars. Instead, a survey of 12 enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism indicated that ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase were unique in displaying developmental peaks of activity which were compressed both in amount and time, similar to the effect of temperature on starch accumulation. We conclude that decreased starch synthesis in heat-stressed maize kernels results from a premature decline in the activity of these enzymes.

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