Effect of seed-placed urea fertilizer and N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on emergence and grain yield of barley

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Barley Seedling ◽  
N Application ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
The Impact

Seedling damage from excess seed-placed urea fertilizer can be a major problem in one-pass seeding and fertilizing systems. Field studies were conducted on a clay loam and a fine sandy loam soil over 3 yr to evaluate the impact of seed-placed urea N, with and without the addition of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on stand density and growth of barley. Seedling damage, as indicated by reduction in stand density, occurred on both soil types at rates of seed-placed N as low as 40 kg N ha−1. Addition of NBPT to the urea fertilizer increased stand density at N levels where damage occurred with the untreated urea. Dry matter yield at heading generally was unaffected by N application or use of NBPT; however, final yield was increased by use of NBPT in four of five site-years. Use of NBPT appears promising as a method of reducing the risk of seedling damage from seed-placed urea fertilizer, thus increasing the rate of urea-N that can be safely placed with the seed. Key words: Urease inhibitor, seedling toxicity, ammonia

Ammonia volatilization from soils fertilized with urea and varying rates of urease inhibitor NBPT

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. L. Rawluk ◽  
C A Grant ◽  
G J Racz
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Loam Soil

Loss of N as ammonia (NH3) from surface-applied urea fertilizer may be high if hydrolysis takes place at the soil surface. The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) may reduce NH3 loss from urea by delaying hydrolysis. Field studies using surface chambers were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to compare the amount of NH3 volatilized from surface applications of granular urea (100 kg N ha–1) treated with varying concentrations of NBPT (0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% NBPT wt/wt). The studies were conducted on two Orthic Black Chernozemic soils, a Stockton fine sandy loam and a Newdale clay loam, in May and again in July to determine the relative influence of soil texture and temperature on NBPT performance at the varying rates. Ammonia losses were measured at various times to 12 d after fertilization (DAF) in 1996 and to 21 DAF in 1997. Total NH3 losses decreased in the order of 0% > 0.05% > 0.15% > 0.10% where use of NBPT reduced total NH3 loss by 28-88% over the entire study duration, and by 82 to 96% during periods of peak loss from unamended urea. Ammonia volatilization losses from NBPT-amended urea treatments were lower in May than in July. The total loss measured at all rates of NBPT was higher for the fine sandy loam soil except in May 1997 where cool conditions resulted in slightly lower loss than for the clay loam soil. Amending urea with NBPT at a rate as low as 0.05% wt/wt can reduce NH3 loss from surface-placed urea fertilizer, so that a greater proportion of fertilizer N is retained in the soil for plant use. The inhibitor helps reduce the amount of NH3 derived from urea entering the atmosphere to react or to be deposited elsewhere, and may lessen the need to overfertilize to compensate for potential NH3 losses. Key words: N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, urease inhibitor, surface applications

scholarly journals MITIGATION OF HEAT STRESS EFFECTS ON POTATO GROWTH BY CALCIUM AND NITROGEN APPLICATION DURING STRESS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 596f-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Tawfik ◽  
Jiwan P. Palta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Potato Growth ◽  
The Impact

The optimum temperature regime for Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank is usually 20/15°C day/night. We studied the impact of heat stress (30/25°C, day/night) on the growth of this heat sensitive cultivar under controlled conditions (UW-Biotron). Plants were grown in sandy-loam soil which tested at 1500 Kg/ha Ca. Plants were at the maximum temperature for 6h during the middle of the day with a photoperiod of 14 hrs. All pots received identical amounts of total N (rate: 225 Kg N ha1.). The treatments were: (1) NSN: non-split N (N application 1/2 emergence, 1/2 two wks later): (2) SPN: split-N (1/2 emergence 1/6 at 2, 5 and 8 wks later); (3) SPN+Ca: Split-N+Ca (Ca at 2, 5 and 8 wks after emergence, total Ca from CaNO3 was 113 Kg ha1). Total leaf FWT and DWT was significantly reduced in NS treatment by heat stress at 13 wks as compared to optimum conditions. However, this was not reduced in SPN and SPN+Ca. Under heat stress: (a) SPN + Ca gave the highest leaf FWT and DWT, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and leaflet tissue Ca content; (b) Young expanding leaflets gave higher growth rate with SPN and SPN + Ca than NSN; (c) Ca content of mature leaflet decreased progressively in both NSN and SPN but not in SPN + Ca. Our results show that application of Ca and N during heat stress can mitigate stress effects and that maintenance of a certain level of calcium in leaf tissue is important under heat stress.

scholarly journals Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
Paul J. Semtner ◽  
William B. Wilkinson III
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Sooty Mold ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments followed by foliar applications of Orthene for TA and TFB control on fluecured tobacco and to determine the impact of treatment on tobacco yield and price. The experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single guard rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of most liquid formulations were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 30.4 gal/acre at 40 psi through 8003LP tips on 29 Apr (Ambient temperature, 85-89°F, soil temperature, 75°F; soil pH, 5.8; OM, 2%). Treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. The Furadan and Temik treatments were applied during bed formation and immediately covered with 6 to 8 inches of soil on 17 May. Furadan 4F was diluted 50:50 in water and applied in a narrow stream (< 1-inch wide) in the row using a peristaltic pump. Temik was applied in a 14 inch band using a tractor mounted- Gandy granular applicator. The soil moisture was good for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 18 May. A measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments of Orthene and Admire in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) at the base of each plant in the treatment plots. Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations were followed for production of the crop. Foliar applications of Orthene and Dipel were applied on 6 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre through 3 TX-12 tips at 60 psi. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 5 to 11 wk after transplanting. On 25 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no aphid damage or sooty mold and 10 = very severe necrosis of leaves and extensive sooty mold. TFB and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/ plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10(x + 1) before analysis.

Effect of Tillage and Application Method on Corn (Zea mays) Response to Imidazolinone Residues in Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Field studies on a sandy loam soil determined the influence of application method and rate and subsequent tillage on corn response to imazaquin and imazethapyr residues remaining in the soil. Imazaquin was applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) at 70, 140, and 280 g ai/ha and postemergence (POST) at 70 and 140 g/ha. Imazethapyr was applied PPI and PRE at 70, 105, and 140 g ai/ha and POST at 70 and 105 g/ha. Subsequent tillage included fall moldboard plowing followed by spring field cultivation, fall chisel plowing followed by spring field cultivation, and no tillage. Herbicide dissipation was determined by analyzing soil cores taken in the spring at the time of corn planting and by measuring corn height and grain yield. Imidazolinone residues were detected in only 1 of 2 yr. Imazaquin was detected more frequently than imazethapyr. Imazaquin concentrations in the upper 10 cm of soil 11 mo after a PPI application of 280 g/ha were 5, 6, and 7 ng/g of soil in moldboard plow, chisel, and no-tillage systems, respectively. Imazaquin (5 ng/g) was also detected in the 10–18-cm soil depth in the moldboard plow system. Corn height and grain yield were not reduced from imazaquin or imazethapyr, regardless of application method or rate in any tillage system.

Soil water drying and recharge rates as affected by tillage under continuous barley and barley-canola cropping systems in northwestern Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Azooz ◽  
M A Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

In areas of the northwestern Canadian Prairies, barley and canola are grown in a short growing season with high rainfall variability. Excessively dry soil in conventional tillage (CT) in dry periods and excessively wet soil in no-tillage (NT) in wet periods could cause a significant decrease in crop production by influencing the availability of soil water. The effects of CT, NT and NT with a 7.5-cm residue-free strip on the planting rows (NTR) on soil water drying (–dW/dt) and recharge (dW/dt) rates were studied in 1992 and 1993 during wet and dry periods to evaluate the impact of NTR, NT and CT systems on soil moisture condition. The soils, Donnelly silt loam and Donnelly sandy loam (both Gray Luvisol) were selected and soil water content by depth was measured by time domain reflectometry. Water retained at 6 matric potentials from –5 to –160 kPa were observed. In the field study, –dW/dt was significantly greater in CT than in NT in the silt loam for the 0- to 30-cm layer during the first 34 d after planting in 1992. The 0- to 30-cm soil layer in CT and NTR dried faster than in NT during a period immediately following heavy rainfall in the silt loam in 1993. The drying coefficient (–Kd ) was significantly greater in CT and NTR than in NT in the silt loam soil in 1993 and in the sandy loam soil in 1992 in the top 30-cm depth. The recharge coefficient (Kr) was significantly greater in NT and NTR than in CT for the silt loam soil. The NTR system increased the –dW/dt by 1.2 × 10-2 to 12.1 × 10-2 cm d-1 in 1992 and 1993 in the silt loam soil and by 10.2 × 10-2 cm d-1 in 1993 in the sandy loam soil as compared with NT. The dW/dt was 8.1 × 10-2 cm d-1 greater in NTR in 1992 and 1993 in the silt loam soil and was 1.9 × 10-2 greater in NTR in 1992 than in CT in the sandy loam soil. The laboratory study indicated that NT soils retained more water than the CT soils. The NTR practice maintained better soil moisture conditions for crop growth than CT in dry periods than NT in wet periods. Compared with NT, the NTR avoided prolonged near-saturated soil conditions with increased soil drying rate under extremely wet soil. Key words: Water drying, water recharge, water depletion, wet and drying periods, hydraulic properties, soil capacity to retain water

Field studies on leaching behaviour of a highly saline-sodic soil under two modes of water application in the presence of crops

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Dahiya ◽  
R. S. Malik ◽  
Maharaj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Behaviour ◽  
Leaching Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages

SummaryThe leaching behaviour of a highly saline-sodic, moderately permeable, sandy-loam soil was evaluated under continuous and intermittent submergence conditions in a longterm field study in the presence of rice and subsequent wheat and sesbania crops. Leaching curves with respect to both desalinization and desodification showed that leaching efficiency was considerably higher with intermittent than with continuous submergence. The curves were useful in determining the amount of leaching water needed for a given mode of water application to reduce harmful levels of salinity and sodicity to acceptable ones. Empirical equations were determined to fit the experimental data. Their comparison with another empirical equation from published bare-field data of this site showed that leaching efficiency under crops was higher than under fallow. From the desodification leaching curve, it is concluded that in reclamation of these soils there is no need of the application of any amendment like gypsum. The soil salinity and sodicity data recorded at different growth stages and crop yields showed that leaching during the rice growing season, under intermittent submergence without previous leaching, decreased salinity and sodicity throughout the top 100 cm of the soil to levels safe for the successful cultivation of rice and subsequently the relatively deep-rooted crops of wheat and sesbania.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Straw Mulch on Infiltration, Splash Erosion, Runoff and Sediment in Laboratory Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Gholami ◽  
Kazimierz Banasik ◽  
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi ◽  
Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan ◽  
Leszek Hejduk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mulches have extraordinary potential in reducing surface runoff, increasing infiltration of water into the soil and decreasing soil erosion. The straw mulches as a biological material, has the ability to be a significant physical barrier against the impact of raindrops and reduce the detachment of soil aggregates. The present study is an attempt to determine the efficiency of straw mulch as conservation treatment in changes in the splash erosion, time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient, infiltration coefficient, time-to-drainage, drainage coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss. The laboratory experiments have been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from deforested area, about 15 km of Warsaw west, Poland under lab conditions with simulated rainfall intensities of 60 and 120 mmh–1, in 4 soil moistures of 12, 25, 33 and 40% and the slope of 9%. Compared with bare treatments, results of straw mulch application showed the significant conservation effects on splash erosion, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss and significant enhancement effects on infiltration and drainage. The results of Spearman-Rho correlation showed the significant (p < 0.05) correlation with r = –0.873, 0.873, 0.878 and 0.764 between rainfall intensity and drainage coefficient, downstream splash, sediment concentration and soil loss and with r = –0.976, 0.927 and –0.927 between initial soil moisture content and time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient and infiltration coefficient, respectively.

Effect of tillage and fertilization on inorganic and organic soil phosphorus

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. O'Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
P Fractionation ◽  
Organic C ◽  
No Till ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of tillage and fertilization practices on soil organic carbon (organic-C) and the distribution of phosphorus between inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) pools in a clay and sandy loam soil under a continuous corn (Zea mays L.) production system. Tillage treatments were established in the fall of 1981. The soils for this study were sampled (0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm) in June 1988. Treatments consisted of three types of tillage: (i) conventional (CT): fall moldboard ploughing with two spring diskings; (ii) reduced (RT): with either fall chisel ploughing (1981–1986) or no fall tillage (1987) followed by one spring disking, and (iii) no-till (NT); and two types of fertilization (i) inorganic (I): 170 kg N ha−1. 80 kg P2O5, ha−1, 75 kg K2O ha−1, and (ii) organic fertilizer (O): dairy manure applied to give 170 kg N ha−1 plus 80 kg P2O5, ha−1 from inorganic P fertilizer. Even though a lime application was made in the fall of 1985, soil pH was significantly lower in the I fertilizer treatments. Reduction of tillage intensity resulted in a lower pH in the surface layer of the sandy loam soil. Tillage did not affect soil organic-C, or total soil Po (soil-Po) in either soil. Compared with the I fertilizer treatment, the O fertilizer treatment resulted in increased levels of soil organic-C and soil-Po only in the sandy loam soil. Labile levels of Po in the soil were not affected by treatments. Increased soil-Po levels possibly resulted from an increase in stable Po complexes. Moderately labile Po levels were not affected by treatments in the clay soil. In the sandy loam soil, O fertilization decreased moderately labile Po levels in the surface layer of the NT treatment, and increased this P fraction in the 10- to 20-cm soil layer of the RT and CT treatments. In the surface layer of both soils, labile levels of Pi were greater for the O fertilization treatment (approximately 40 and 47% higher for the clay and sandy loam, respectively), and were lower under CT. Increased labile Pi levels were associated with the O fertilizer treatment in the 10- to 20-cm depth increment in the sandy loam soil only, suggesting a greater downward movement of P with manure applications. Key words: Conventional tillage, zero-tilled, no-till, reduced tillage, manure, P fractionation

scholarly journals Biochar increases plant-available water in a sandy loam soil under an aerobic rice crop system

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 939-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. de Melo Carvalho ◽  
A. de Holanda Nunes Maia ◽  
B. E. Madari ◽  
L. Bastiaans ◽  
P. A. J. van Oort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of biochar rate (0, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha−1) on the water retention capacity (WRC) of a sandy loam Dystric Plinthosol. The applied biochar was a by-product of slow pyrolysis (∼450 °C) of eucalyptus wood, milled to pass through a 2000 μm sieve that resulted in a material with an intrinsic porosity ≤10 μm and a specific surface area of ∼3.2 m2 g−1. The biochar was incorporated into the top 15 cm of the soil under an aerobic rice system. Our study focused on both the effects on WRC and rice yields 2 and 3 years after its application. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from 16 plots in two soil layers (5–10 and 15–20 cm). Soil water retention curves were modelled using a nonlinear mixed model which appropriately accounts for uncertainties inherent of spatial variability and repeated measurements taken within a specific soil sample. We found an increase in plant-available water in the upper soil layer proportional to the rate of biochar, with about 0.8% for each Mg ha−1 biochar amendment 2 and 3 years after its application. The impact of biochar on soil WRC was most likely related to an effect in overall porosity of the sandy loam soil, which was evident from an increase in saturated soil moisture and macro porosity with 0.5 and 1.6% for each Mg ha−1 of biochar applied, respectively. The increment in soil WRC did not translate into an increase in rice yield, essentially because in both seasons the amount of rainfall during the critical period for rice production exceeded 650 mm. The use of biochar as a soil amendment can be a worthy strategy to guarantee yield stability under short-term water-limited conditions. Our findings raise the importance of assessing the feasibility of very high application rates of biochar and the inclusion of a detailed analysis of its physical and chemical properties as part of future investigations.

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