scholarly journals Expansion of the Human Micro RNA Gene Repertoire in the Human Lineage after the Divergence of Old World and New World Monkeys

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiko F Kikuno
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Human Lineage ◽  
Old World

scholarly journals Referential alarm calling behaviour in New World primates

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Cäsar ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Human Language ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Old World ◽  
Call Type ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their environment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some species, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations generated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capacities. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce-bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted titi monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combinatorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen.

scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

Test of the Law of Initial Values in Four Species of Primates

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Downer ◽  
William D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
New World ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Initial Values ◽  
The Law

The law of initial values was tested in the serial responses of monkeys to an auditory stimulus. The “law” was not confirmed for heart rates. GSRs were absent in the new world monkeys but supported the law of initial values for half of the Ss of old world species. Less support was found when conductance scores were used.

Plasmodium inui shortii: Studies in Old World and New World Monkeys

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Collins ◽  
John W. Barnwell ◽  
McWilson Warren ◽  
Joann S. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Plasmodium Inui

scholarly journals Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Edwards ◽  
Alejandro Vega ◽  
Holly Norman ◽  
Maria Cynthia Ohaeri ◽  
Kyle Levi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New World ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Human Lineage ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Old World ◽  
Normal Human

Microbiomes are vast communities of microbes and viruses that populate all natural ecosystems. Viruses have been considered the most variable component of microbiomes, as supported by virome surveys and examples of high genomic mosaicism. However, recent evidence suggests that the human gut virome is remarkably stable compared to other environments. Here we investigate the origin, evolution, and epidemiology of crAssphage, a widespread human gut virus. Through a global collaboratory, we obtained DNA sequences of crAssphage from over one-third of the world's countries, and showed that its phylogeography is locally clustered within countries, cities, and individuals. We also found colinear crAssphage-like genomes in both Old-World and New-World primates, challenging genomic mosaicism and suggesting that the association of crAssphage with primates may be millions of years old. We conclude that crAssphage is a benign globetrotter virus that may have co-evolved with the human lineage and an integral part of the normal human gut virome.

scholarly journals Simian homologues of human herpesvirus 8

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1408) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blossom Damania ◽  
Ronald C. Desrosiers
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
New World ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Spider Monkeys ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Herpesvirus 8 ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

γ–Herpesviruses can be found in most primates including Old World an New World monkeys. The γ– herpesvirinae are grouped into two classes: lymphocryptoviruses (γ 1 ) and rhadinoviruses (γ 2 ). The lymphocryptoviruses include Epstein–Barr virus, lymphocryptovirus of rhesus monkeys, and Herpesvirus papio of baboons. Rhadinoviruses that infect New World monkeys include Herpesvirus saimiri , whose natural host is the squirrel monkey, and Herpesvirus ateles , which infects spider monkeys. Rhadinoviruses that infect hominoids and Old World monkeys include Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus, also known as HHV–8, and rhesus monkey rhadinovirus.

Serum Leptin in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Women and in Old and New World Nonhuman Primates

2005 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Daniel Castracane ◽  
Andrew G. Hendrickx ◽  
Michael C. Henson
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Old World ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Titi Monkey

Leptin is a hormone that is produced during mammalian pregnancy in the placental trophoblast and other tissues, including! fetal and maternal adipocytes. Synthesis of the polypeptide and the presence of its specific receptors throughout the human maternal fetoplacental unit suggest direct effects on conceptus growth and development. However, both the physiologic roles of leptin and the mechanisms regulating leptin synthesis in human pregnancy differ from those in laboratory and domestic species, necessitating the development of nonhuman primate research models. Therefore, we compared serum leptin concentrations in nonpregnant and pregnant women with those in both old world nonhuman primates (i.e., baboon, rhesus monkey, cynomolgus monkey) and new world nonhuman primates (i.e., squirrel monkey, titi monkey). As expected, maternal leptin levels were elevated in human and baboon pregnancies (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Levels in both species of old world monkeys were also greatly enhanced (P < 0.001). Although maternal serum concentrations were slightly elevated compared to nonpregnant levels in both species of new world monkeys, overall concentrations were dramatically lower than for either old world primates or humans. Results provide comparisons of serum leptin concentrations in pregnant and nonpregnant humans and baboons with those in both old and new world monkeys and further characterize these nonhuman primates as models for the investigation of leptin dynamics in pregnancy.

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