scholarly journals La reforma de la legislación audiovisual y de la cobertura electoral en España

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-161
Author(s):  
Francisco Campos-Freire ◽  
Marta Rodríguez-Castro ◽  
Alejandro Gesto-Louro
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Consultation ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Audiovisual Communication ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Audiovisual Media ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Electoral Regime ◽  
Spanish Legislation

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to propose the reform of the regulation in force in Spain on the coverage and treatment of information in the audiovisual media during electoral campaigns, in relation to the mandatory transposition into Spanish legislation, before the end of 2020, of Directive 1808/2018 of audiovisual communication. Methodology: For this, a review of the most relevant legislation in the field is carried out, including the Organic Law of Electoral Regime (LOREG by its acronym in Spanish) of 1985, the different laws of creation of public and private media, General 7/2010 Law of Audiovisual (LGA by its acronym in Spanish), the European Audiovisual Services Directive approved in 2018 and the regulation in other European countries on the organization of electoral debates and disinformation campaigns. Results: Although the 35 years of validity of the LOREG and its jurisprudence condition the legal framework of the audiovisual coverage of the electoral campaigns, it is possible to include  in the transposition and reform of the LGA 7/2010 the regulation of the debates and new measures on the protection of pluralism, independence, and verification against fake news, issues that a group of Spanish academics raised during the public consultation of the Secretary of State for Digital Advancement (SEAD by its acronym in Spanish) of the Ministry of Economy and Business (MEE by its acronym in Spanish) on the transposition of Directive 1808/2018.

Prevention and Regulation of Cyber-Crimes in the Age of Terrorism

2010 ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
S.R. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
Information Infrastructures ◽  
Information Technology Sector ◽  
Cyber Crimes ◽  
Laws And Policies

India is the 12th nation in the world to have a special system of laws addressed to the information technology sector. Besides the general criminal law of the country, the Information Technology Act, 2000 incorporates a special legal framework relating to cyber-crimes. Looking differently, India is also a global hub of information technology and its allied services. Accordingly, the growth and development of the information technology sector and its contribution to national economy is phenomenal. It is in this context, the chapter examines and analyses the Indian ICT laws and policies in the backdrop of cyber-crime prevention and regulation, with the aim of offering a comprehensive model of ICT policy. It will discuss the extent of legal framework in the light of classification and criminalization of various cyber-crimes. Also, while examining the policy instruments, it will bring out the public and private initiatives on protection of information infrastructures, incident and emergency response and the innovative institutions and schemes involved.

The United Arab Emirates

2019 ◽  
pp. 433-454
Author(s):  
Andrew Boutros
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Public Prosecutor ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Corruption ◽  
Robust System ◽  
Public And Private Sector

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) anti-corruption framework targets bribery of domestic and foreign officials, corruption, and even facilitation payments. The laws, which appear in legislative initiatives regulating a variety of industries and areas, create a robust system to combat both public and private-sector corruption and bribery. A 2016 amendment to the Federal Penal Code strengthened the legal framework against public corruption, fraud, and embezzlement with a view to strengthening the laws that protect the public trust. The anti-corruption framework can be found primarily in the UAE’s civil law, its Federal Human Resources Law, and its penal code. The enforcement is handled by the police, the Office of the Public Prosecutor, the Ministry of Justice, and the State Audit Institution. Given the increased international cooperation between regulatory agencies, the UAE’s enforcement agencies and its regulators will be at the forefront of the global fight against corruption. This is especially true given the UAE’s growing importance in regional and global financial markets.

scholarly journals FEASIBILITY STUDY OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP / VIEŠOJO IR PRIVAČIOJO SEKTORIŲ PARTNERYSTĖS GALIMYBIŲ ANALIZĖ

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ieva Meidutė ◽  
Narimantas Kazimieras Paliulis
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Dispute Settlement Procedure

Public-private partnership may cover various forms of partnership, viz. as the property of the private sector in the state of municipal activities or information and consultations between the public and private sectors, also as an unconventional method of public procurement when the public and private sectors enter into a long-term contract on the establishment of public infrastructure or the provision of public services. The most important thing in implementing PPP projects is to properly draw up the contract between the public and private partners, which should explicitly state all terms and conditions, undertakings and liabilities, evaluate risks, determine the payment mechanism and dispute settlement procedure, etc. In order to reduce any risk associated with such projects, a proper legal framework should be developed, which would provide liabilities and undertakings of both parties of the project (the private and public sectors), and more information should be disbursed as to how such projects are being implemented, what the structures of financing are, and what the benefit of such projects is. Santrauka Viešojo ir privačiojo sektorių partnerystė gali apimti įvairias partnerystės formas: kaip privačiojo sektoriaus nuosavybė valstybės ar savivaldybių veikloje ar informavimas ir konsultavimas tarp viešojo ir privačiojo sektorių, taip pat kaip netradicinis viešujų pirkimų būdas, kai sudaroma ilgalaikė sutartis tarp viešojo ir privačiojo sektorių dėl viešosios infrastruktūros sukūrimo ar viešųjų paslaugų teikimo. Vykdant VPP projektus būtina tinkamai parengti sutartį tarp viešojo ir privataus partnerio, kurioje turi būti vienareikšmiškai apibrėžtos visos sąlygos, įsipareigojimai, atsakomybė, įvertintos rizikos, atsiskaitymo mechanizmas, konfliktų sprendimo tvarka ir t. t. Siekiant sumažinti bet kokią su tokiais projektais susijusią riziką, reikia suformuoti tinkamą teisinę bazę, kuri numatytų abiejų projekto šalių - tiek privačiojo, tiek valstybinio sektoriaus - atsakomybes ir įsipareigojimus, bei teikti daugiau informacijos, kaip tokie projektai vykdomi, kokios finansavimo struktūros, kokia gaunama nauda.

How Arbitrary Was Tsarist Administrative Justice? The Case of the Zemstvos Petitions to the Imperial Ruling Senate, 1866–1916

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Natasha Assa
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Administrative Litigation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Power ◽  
The Right ◽  
Administrative Justice

One of the key principles of the modern legal state (Rechtsstaat) is the right of all citizens to seek judicial protection against unlawful acts of government officials. It stems from the fundamental principle of the rule of law that asserts that all citizens, including state officials, are equal before the law and have the right to a fair trial. Within this legal framework a distinct field of law, “administrative justice,” governs public litigation against state officials. Its domain of jurisdiction reflects complex philosophical and legal distinctions between the public and private spheres in the modern state. As legal scholars and philosophers continuously redefine the boundary between the public and private spheres, the prerogatives of government officials over the rights of private citizens continue to evolve. The key questions in the debate are as follows. Should the state guarantee an undisputed precedence of citizens’ rights over administration or should it protect its officials from widespread litigation and therefore grant them a certain degree of immunity? Should ordinary courts and laws decide disputes between government officials and private individuals, or should the state provide separate norms, judges, and procedures for administrative litigation? Should punishment for misuse of administrative power be equal to that of the breach of civil or criminal laws? Who and to what extent should be made liable for any damages incurred through misuse of administrative power?

Part II Substantive Aspects, Ch.21 Cultural Heritage in International Investment Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadi Valentina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Investment Law

This chapter evaluates whether the existing legal framework adequately protect cultural heritage vis-à-vis the economic interests of foreign investors. It aims to address this question by examining recent arbitrations and proposing three principal legal tools to foster a better balance between economic and cultural interests in international investment law and arbitration. This recent jurisprudence highlights that arbitral tribunals are increasingly providing consideration to cultural concerns. Yet, the interplay between the protection of cultural heritage and the promotion of foreign direct investment in international investment law and arbitration continues to pose two main problems: one ontological, concerning the essence of international investment law and international law more generally; and one epistemological, concerning the mandate of arbitral tribunals. The chapter then considers three principal avenues that can facilitate a better balance between the public and private interests in international investment law: a ‘treaty-driven approach’; a ‘judicially driven approach’; and counterclaims.

scholarly journals Public Private Partnerships and possibilities of their using in the field of Ministry of Agriculture 

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 397-400
Author(s):  
R. Jurčík
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Private Venture

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are based on co-operation between the public and private sector. The reason for using it is a lack of public financial sources. For this reason, in most PPPs the management and financing of the project is entrusted to the private sector. In the Czech Republic, the widest development area for PPPs in the scope of the Ministry of Agriculture is probably water supply. The further areas for using of PPPs in the scope of this Ministry are the following: forestry, flood protection, adjustment of water flow, security of water sources, builging of the strategic foodstuff store. Important attempts have been made within the last year to increase the implementation of PPPs in water supply. These attempts are based on operation models similar to the BOT (Build Operate Transfer) and the DBFO (Design Build Finance Operate). In addition, the Czech Parliament adopted a law No. 139/2006 Coll., on concessions procedure and concession treaty which entered into force in July, 1<sup>st</sup>, 2006 and which brings the legal framework for realisation of the PPPs. There are some legal barriers which limited wide using of the PPPs. It is in the case of public-private venture companies (the limitation is&nbsp; in public procurement law). Public-private venture companies &ndash; which refer to the situation where both the private and the public sector holds equity, and, consequently, the company is controlled by the private as well as the public sector &ndash; should be the ideal form of PPPs in the areas which are in the scope of the Ministry of Agriculture.&nbsp;

scholarly journals Active audiences in the regulation of the audiovisual media. Consumer versus citizen in Spain and Mexico

Comunicar ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (43) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Fuente-Cobo ◽  
Juan-María Martínez-Otero ◽  
Rogelio del-Prado-Flores
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Audience Participation ◽  
Audiovisual Communication ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Control ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Public Sphere

Media audience has been conceived, traditionally, as a group of citizens or consumers. In the Media environment, citizens exercise their communication rights and participate in the public sphere; consumers, on the other hand, consume audiovisual products in a specific market. In the citizen perspective, audiovisual communication serves the public interest and democratic values; in the consumer one, it serves private and individual interests. This paper studies the main academic positions referred to the dichotomy citizen – consumer, attending particularly to the investigations of Peter Dahlgren on relations between Media and Democracy; of Richard Collins, on Audiovisual Policy; and of Sonia Livingstone on public sphere, audience participation and Media governance. After this theoretical approach, the paper analyzes the presence of these conceptions of the audience in the audiovisual legal systems of two countries: Spain and Mexico. These two countries are modifying their legal framework. As a conclusion, it appears that the different conceptions of the audience –as consumers or as citizens– are in a close relationship with the different ways of Media control and accountability. Dos han sido los prismas bajo los que se ha concebido tradicionalmente a la audiencia: como ciudadanos, que ante los mensajes de los medios ejercen sus derechos comunicativos y participan en la construcción de una opinión pública libre; o como consumidores o usuarios, que actúan dentro de un mercado de productos audiovisuales. Mientras que la primera perspectiva atiende a la comunicación audiovisual valorando su interés público y su influencia en la construcción de un espacio público de debate y discusión, la segunda atiende a la dimensión más privada e individual de la comunicación audiovisual. En el presente trabajo se abordan las principales posiciones doctrinales sobre dicha dicotomía consumidor-ciudadano, analizando para ello la obra de los autores que más atención han dedicado a estas cuestiones en el ámbito europeo, y en especial los trabajos de Peter Dahlgren sobre las relaciones entre medios y democracia, los de Richard Collins sobre política audiovisual, y los vinculados a Sonia Livingstone sobre esfera pública, participación de las audiencias y gobernanza de los medios. Realizada esta aproximación teórica, se analiza la presencia de dichas concepciones de la audiencia en dos ordenamientos jurídicos audiovisuales que están experimentando modificaciones sustanciales: el español y el mexicano. Como conclusión, se constata que las distintas concepciones de la audiencia están en profunda relación con la forma de concebir el control de los medios y la rendición de cuentas de sus operadores frente al público.

scholarly journals Audiovisual Media Regulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic - Measures Undertaken by the Romanian Authorities during the State of Emergency

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Zsolt Kokoly
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Audiovisual Media ◽  
Media Regulation ◽  
Presidential Decree ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
The Right

The present study aims to offer a review of measures taken by the Romanian authorities in the field of audiovisual media regulation during the state of emergency instituted in March 2020 following the COVID-19 outbreak. The legal framework has been adjusted, drawing both from extant norms, such as the 2003 Constitution of Romania, and from newly adapted legal norms such as the Presidential Decree declaring the state of emergency. Also, the competent authorities have been invested with additional powers, this being the case of the National Audiovisual Council and the National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications. These institutions have faced multiple challenges regarding the clash between freedom of opinion and freedom of speech and the right to correct information of the public and the campaigns to counter misinformation.

Catapulting Innovation: Linking Open Innovation with Innovation Procurement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pluvia Zuñiga ◽  
Luis Rubalcaba ◽  
Rafael Carvalho de Fassio
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

The unprecedented speed of technological change--impacting all sectors of the economy--is changing how research is done, how companies work and do business, and how governments operate and relate to citizens. Innovation may be open, but it is not free. Innovation procurement does not end with the establishment of a supportive legal framework. To cope with the speed of these changes, systematic and mission-driven investments in science and technology capabilities are critical. At the same time, investments must enhance the capabilities of the public and private sectors to work collaboratively, with a supply and demand focus and a shared vision of the risks and returns on investments. This publication emphasizes the increasingly multidimensional and interconnected knowledge flows to accelerate innovation and endogenous capacities between institutions. It is the second in a series of three IDB documents on innovation procurement and open innovation in Brazil. Through this series, the Bank shows its commitment to investing in science, technology, and innovation and strengthening digital transformation.

scholarly journals Cross-border public administration

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Roman Melnyk ◽  
Anna Barikova
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Cross

Institutional, teleological and consensual blockchain jurisdiction manifestations have been articulated in the activities of the public administration concerning interventional, contributory, protective, delegated, executive and efficient public administration. The authors have revealed the service format of functioning and synergy of the cross-border interaction of public administration within horizontal and vertical relations with the subjects of public and private law. Legitimacy of transformational remodelling of power, as well as the specifics of the values intercourse in information and traditional societies in the framework of implementing the powers of cross-border public administration through the simulation category. The paper highlights the functioning dynamics of cross-border public administration in the external and internal dimension in terms of using such instruments of public administration, as regulatory and administrative acts, acts-plans, acts-actions, administrative contracts. Fundamental influence of technological innovations on the public service activities of public administration has been proved in a transboundary perspective to achieve the rule of law, the maximum legal certainty of streamlining the process of public governance. Institutionalization of the synergetic paradigm has been established for using the tools of public administration within the blockchain jurisdiction to properly implement the cross-border competence of public administration, which will contribute to the adaptation of national law to the supranational legal framework. The authors have specified that, with proper implementation of the competence of cross-border public administration within the blockchain jurisdiction, there is a ‘self-propelled’ system with a measurable number of variables for institutionalization of such an organizational structure, which could be self- reproducible in the presence of corresponding internal and external links with the allocation of order parameters

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