Śladami pierwszych misjonarzy protestanckich w Himalajach

The Moravian Brethren formed a very particular community within the Protestant Church. Above all, they had a distinct understanding of the Christian ministry and, consequently, their group had a disctinct missionary character. They were the first to undertake Protestant missions among peoples living far from the centers of civilization and administrative power. This paper describes the author’s encounter with the Himala- yan cultures and traces of Moravian missionaries’ work in the area, discerned over many years of research focusing on the past European activity, its contexts and the durability of cultural solutions it promoted.

Kewenangan Kejaksaan dalam Melakukan Penahanan Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Ujaran Kebencian di Sosial Media

Authority is what is called formal power, power comes from legislative power (given by law) or from executive administrative power. Authority, which usually consists of several powers, is power over a certain group of people or power over an area of ​​government. The purposes of this study are to analyze the arrangement of the prosecutor's authority in detaining the perpetrators of hate speech crimes on social media and the prosecutor's obstacles in detaining the perpetrators of hate speech crimes on social media. The research method applied in this research is normative legal research with a statutory and a conceptual approach. The technique of collecting legal materials is done by means of a literature study. The of used are primary, secondary, and tertiary sources of legal materials. After the legal material has been collected, it will then be processed and analyzed using the method of processing legal materials systematically and presented descriptively. The results of the study reveal that the prosecutor's authority is regulated in the criminal procedural law code, the prosecutor's authority law. Which includes several laws, among others, Law no. 16 of 2004 which regulates the prosecutor's office, so that from the law it can be ascertained about the rights and powers of the prosecutor so that law enforcers, especially the prosecutor's office, can make detentions in accordance with the rules that have been in force, so that there is no abuse of authority by law enforcers, especially prosecutors and as The prosecutor's office should be obliged to realize equality for all Indonesian citizens who are being entangled in criminal, civil and other cases.

V. V. von Wal as Head of Vilnius Province in 1901—1902

The activities of one of the typical representatives of the Russian regional bureaucracy of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries — Viktor Vilhelmovich von Wal as governor of Vilnius province, which he held from 1901 to 1902 is examined in the article. Particular attention is paid to the circumstances of his appointment to this position, which was due to attempts at administrative reorganization of the management of the northwestern outskirts of Russia. A brief analysis of the socio-political situation that had developed by the beginning of the 20th century in the Vilnius province is given and it is indicated that the most acute problem during this period was the active labor movement, which had a mixed socio-ethnic character in the region. It is concluded that the management model implemented by von Wahl, which was based on the traditional administrative-power dominant, did not correspond to the situation in the region and provoked an increase in the degree of violence in the province. It is noted that, despite the short-term tenure of von Waal as governor of Vilna, it had a number of important consequences, demonstrating the premature liquidation of the institution of the governor-general in the region and the need to soften the administrative policy towards the local population.

The Principle of Administrative Law and Judicial Application Based on E-commerce Model

Objectives: As a principle that controls the rational exercise of administrative power, the principle of proportionality is adopted by other legal systems because of its reasonable structure and effective control of administrative power. Methods: In this paper, in the information technology environment of mobile internet and based on the e-commerce model, the proportional principle of administrative law and its judicial application were studied. Results: Mainly the principle of proportionality in administrative law was introduced into the e-commerce negotiation system. A specific example in the context of e-commerce was selected to simulate the entire automatic negotiation process. Conclusion: The simulation experiment results were analyzed and summarized, which shows the advantages of the automatic negotiation mechanism proposed in this paper.

Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in Austria

This chapter discusses administrative procedure and judicial review in Austria. In Austria, there exists a principle of the 'exclusivity of legal sources'. Legal protection is only possible against certain administrative legal sources. In general, Article 130 B-VG pronounces judgments on complaints by the administrative courts against rulings by administrative authorities for unlawful acts; against the exercise of direct administrative power and compulsion to carry out unlawful acts; and on the grounds of breach of the duty to reach a decision by an administrative authority. In principle, the administrative court has to examine the case comprehensively; in general, there is no exclusion for specific administrative matters. It is of fundamental significance for the Austrian administrative judicial system that an administrative court of first instance generally decides on the merits of the case. Only in very exceptional cases does it set aside the contested act by the authority and refer the case back to it.

An Analysis on the Control of Administrative Discretion

Administrative discretion means that administrative agencies can exercise their rights based on their own judgment and actual conditions when dealing with matters that are not authorized by the law or have not made detailed provisions.The existence of administrative discretion is not only the result of the expansion of administrative power,but also to adapt to administrative differences in different regions and departments,and to maintain social fairness and justice.However,the existence of rights leads to abuse and corruption,which requires the legislature to control the problem of excessive discretionary power from the source. The administrative law enforcement agency further improves the administrative reconsideration,strengthens the selection and supervision of the staff of the administrative agency,and the judicial agency improves the judicial review.

A Reckoning with Depth

The Deep State versus the unitary executive has been a spectacle too vivid to ignore. It should impress us all with the unsettled place of administration in contemporary American government. One might have thought that a matter of such vital importance to the effective operation of the state would have been resolved long ago. But over the past half century, questions surrounding administrative power and its political control have been growing more, not less, contentious. Trump’s presidency forces a reckoning that is long overdue. In the Epilogue, we evaluate the lessons of this clash between unity and depth. The problem is not that the president can’t find evidence to hang on his frame: the problem is the solution intrinsic to the frame. The state Trump would have us embrace is every bit as menacing as the state he would have us abandon.

Administrative Authority as a Legal Category

The article is devoted to the theoretical understanding of administrative power as a category of public law. Its correlation with the concepts of Executive power and public power is revealed, its essential legal characteristics, legal nature and functions are revealed.