AVANÇOS EM MÉTODOS DE COLETA DE PEIXES E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE HABITAT DE RIACHOS TROPICAIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 246-265
Author(s):  
Carlos Bernardo Mascarenhas Alves ◽  
◽  
Paulo Santos Pompeu ◽  
Rosana Mazzoni ◽  
Marcelo Fulgêncio Guedes Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
The State ◽  
Stream Fishes ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Electric Fishing

This paper brings some advances in fish data sampling and stream environments. Since the publication in 1999 of volume VI “Ecology of Stream Fishes” in the former Oecologia Brasiliensis journal, today Oecologia Australis, several progresses have occurred. Several methods of collecting fish themselves, have remained the same. However, in relation to the use of electric fishing, collection of eggs and fish larvae, and characterization of physical habitats in streams, there was remarkable development and improvement. The purpose of this article is to present the “state of the art” of these three aspects of sampling fish and habitats in streams. By the end, preparation methods of samples for genetic, stable isotopes and heavy metal analyses are briefly presented

Hydrogel-Based Bioinks for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting: Patent Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fatimi
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Patent Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Preparation Methods

There are a variety of hydrogel-based bioinks commonly used in three-dimensional bioprinting. In this study, in the form of patent analysis, the state of the art has been reviewed by introducing what has been patented in relation to hydrogel-based bioinks. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the patentability of the used hydrogels, their preparation methods and their formulations, as well as the 3D bioprinting process using hydrogels, have been provided by determining publication years, jurisdictions, inventors, applicants, owners, and classifications. The classification of patents reveals that most inventions intended for hydrogels used as materials for prostheses or for coating prostheses are characterized by their function or properties Knowledge clusters and expert driving factors show that biomaterials, tissue engineering, and biofabrication research is concentrated in the most patents.

scholarly journals Stable isotopes and diet: their contribution to Romano-British research

Antiquity ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (335) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gundula Müldner
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Standard Response ◽  
British Research

The study of stable isotopes surviving in human bone is fast becoming a standard response in the analysis of cemeteries. Reviewing the state of the art for Roman Britain, the author shows clear indications of a change in diet (for the better) following the Romanisation of Iron Age Britain—including more seafood, and more nutritional variety in the towns. While samples from the bones report an average of diet over the years leading up to an individual's death, carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures taken from the teeth may have a biographical element—capturing those childhood dinners. In this way migrants have been detected—as in the likely presence of Africans in Roman York. While not unexpected, these results show the increasing power of stable isotopes to comment on populations subject to demographic pressures of every kind.

scholarly journals Design of 300 GHz Combined Doubler/Subharmonic Mixer Based on Schottky Diodes with Integrated MMIC Based Local Oscillator

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2112
Author(s):  
José M. Pérez-Escudero ◽  
Carlos Quemada ◽  
Ramón Gonzalo ◽  
Iñigo Ederra
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Schottky Diodes ◽  
Noise Temperature ◽  
Local Oscillator ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Conversion Loss ◽  
Equivalent Noise Temperature ◽  
Factor Technique

In this paper the design and experimental characterization of a combined doubler-subharmonic mixer based on Schottky diodes which uses a 75 GHz MMIC based local oscillator is presented. This solution integrates in the same substrate the doubler and the mixer, which share the same metallic packaging with the local oscillator. The prototype has been fabricated and measured. For characterization, the Y-Factor technique has been used and the prototype yields a best conversion loss and equivalent noise temperature of 11 dB and 1976 K, respectively, at 305 GHz. This performance is close to the state of the art, and shows the potential of this approach, which allows a significant reduction in terms of size and volume.

Characterization Study of Al-Plug Technology

1991 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Hoang ◽  
F. S. Chen ◽  
T. E. Turner ◽  
Y. S. Lin ◽  
G. A. Dixit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
The State ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Complete Filling ◽  
Step Coverage ◽  
Characterization Study ◽  
Coverage Problems

ABSTRACTThis work investigates the reliability issues associated with an aluminum sputter process, called the Al-plug process, that results in the complete filling of submicron contacts and vias of various sizes. The state-of-the-art Al-plug technology has proven its superiority over conventional processes due to its process simplicity and complete elimination of metal step-coverage problems and dielectric voiding over contacts/vias, resulting in higher reliability. Materials and electrical characterization of this metal process are presented.

scholarly journals An Eigenmode Study of Nanoantennas from Terahertz to Optical Frequencies

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2782
Author(s):  
Konstantinos D. Paschaloudis ◽  
Constantinos L. Zekios ◽  
Georgios C. Trichopoulos ◽  
Filippos Farmakis ◽  
George A. Kyriacou
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Antenna Design ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Rectangular Patch ◽  
Full Wave ◽  
Volume Currents

In this work, we present a rigorous full-wave eigenanalysis for the study of nanoantennas operating at both terahertz (THz) (0.1–10 THz), and infrared/optical (10–750 THz) frequency spectrums. The key idea behind this effort is to reveal the physical characteristics of nanoantennas such that we can transfer and apply the state-of-the-art antenna design methodologies from microwaves to terahertz and optics. Extensive attention is given to penetration depth in metals to reveal whether the surface currents are sufficient for the correct characterization of nanoantennas, or the involvement of volume currents is needed. As we show with our analysis, the penetration depth constantly reduces until the region of 200 THz; beyond this point, it shoots up, requiring volume currents for the exact characterization of the corresponding radiating structures. The cases of a terahertz rectangular patch antenna and a plasmonic nanoantenna are modeled, showing in each case the need of surface and volume currents, respectively, for the antenna’s efficient characterization.

Experimental Techniques in Fracture Characterization

2007 ◽  
Vol 567-568 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
W. R. Tyson
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Fracture Characterization ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
Linepipe Steel

Characterization of fracture toughness is discussed in relation to specification of steels for northern pipelines. The state of the art and research trends in measurement of CTOD for girth welds and CTOA for linepipe steel are described.

Demonstration of the state-of-the-art of formation and characterization of ultra-shallow junctions

2001 ◽  
Vol 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Borden ◽  
A. Al-Bayati ◽  
J. Madsen ◽  
C. Lazik ◽  
P. Carey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Vlsi Technology ◽  
Line Process ◽  
Ultra Shallow Junctions ◽  
Technology Nodes ◽  
Spike Annealing

ABSTRACTDoping process windows are becoming very narrow as VLSI technology nodes scale to smaller and smaller dimensions. The time and cost required to develop new doping methods and the desire to re-use equipment will make it likely that current methods will be applied as long as possible. This means that existing process tools will have very tight stability and uniformity requirements, and metrology will be required to drive process control. The paper describes the state-of-the-art of both doping processes involving ion implantation and spike annealing, and new metrology based on Carrier IlluminationTM methods that will be required to implement in-line process control for these processes. CI offers depth resolution on the order of1Å, providing a level of control required to extend existing doping methods. The prospects of new methods such as Laser Thermal Annealing (LTA) are also discussed.

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