Fuel Consumption Testing to Verify the Effect of Tire Rolling Resistance on Fuel Economy

In the background of the main technologies of fuel economy in automobiles developed to a certain stage, it is necessary to reduce fuel consumption and increase the engine efficiency by developing other auxiliary technologies such as improving the ratio of pure energy drive, low rolling resistance tires, tire pressure monitoring system and gear shift indicators (GSI). This article introduces the principle of GSI, analyses how GSI works in improving engine efficiency, and then evaluates the method for determination of the relative saving rate of fuel consumption, which method was introduced in the EU regulation EC No. 65/2012.

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Esso Energy Award Lecture, 1984 - A new tyre polymer improving fuel economy and safety

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1985.0045 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 399 (1816) ◽

pp. 1-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Road Surface ◽

Vehicle Testing ◽

Wet Grip ◽

New Hypothesis ◽

Tyre Industry

A new philosophy, relating to both rolling resistance (fuel consumption) and wet grip (safety), has been developed, based on measurements of the dynamic properties of tread compounds in the laboratory under conditions approaching those existing at the tyre-road surface interface under both rolling and wet sliding conditions. The generally accepted wet grip theories used throughout the tyre industry lead to the conclusion that when wet grip is improved, there is an increase in rolling resistance. The new philosophy enabled a tailor-made polymer to be developed that broke away from convention and gave a reduced rolling resistance while improving wet grip. Extensive laboratory and vehicle testing was performed on tyres made with the new polymer, to verify the new hypothesis and to ensure that the polymer was a commercial proposition before it was officially announced and introduced into commercial tyres during late 1981.

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Evaluation of Fuel Consumption in Road Freight Transport

Acta Technologica Agriculturae ◽

10.2478/ata-2013-0005 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 18-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mário Szabó ◽

Radoslav Majdan ◽

Zdenko Tkáč ◽

Rastislav Čápora ◽

Ľubomír Hujo

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Aerodynamic Resistance ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Freight Transport ◽

Pressure Reduction ◽

Inflation Pressure ◽

Fuel Savings ◽

Tyre Pressure ◽

Road Freight

Abstract This paper deals with the importance of fuel economy in road freight transport. It provides the calculation of financial savings for fuel savings of 0.5 l per 100 km. In the subsequent part, some factors that influence the fuel consumption are specified, e.g. aerodynamic resistance, rolling resistance, and tyre inflation pressure. The effect of tyre inflation pressure on fuel economy has been tested on four selected towing vehicles. Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that tyre pressure has a great impact on fuel consumption. A one-bar pressure reduction of tyres can increase the fuel consumption by 0.5 l per 100 km.

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Do Changes in Temperature and Inflation Pressure Affect Rolling Resistance during Road and Track Testing for Fuel Economy of Class 8 Tractor-Trailers?

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/tire.18.460203 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 93-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. J. Bachman

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Resistance Force ◽

Inflation Pressure ◽

Tire Pressure ◽

Air Cavity ◽

Warm Up ◽

The Relationship ◽

Resistance Tests

ABSTRACT Data from air cavity thermistors, tire pressure–monitoring systems (TPMS), and SAE J1269 rolling resistance tests were analyzed to evaluate the significance of changes in tire pressure on rolling resistance during fuel economy tests of class 8 tractor trailers. Thermistor data show that air cavity temperatures vary, with the main increase happening during the warm-up run and measurable cooling during the fuel measurement breaks between runs. Inflation pressure also increases by 50–70 kPa during the warm-up run, but once the tire has warmed up, the pressure is more stable, rarely varying by more than 20 kPa during a test run. Results of SAE J1269 rolling resistance tests allow estimation of rolling resistance force for any specified load and inflation pressure. Using the test weight of the truck, the rolling resistance force was estimated for inflation pressures ranging from 550 to 860 kPa. The relationship between the inflation pressure and rolling resistance was roughly linear. The relationship was then used to estimate changes in fuel consumption due to changes in inflation pressure normalized to the cold inflation pressure. For each change of relative inflation pressure of 5%, rolling resistance would change by about 1%. Using a common return factor of a 1% change in fuel consumption for every 5% change in rolling resistance, a change in relative inflation pressure of 5% would result in a change of fuel consumption of about 0.2%. The precision of the J1321 fuel economy tests was measured to be plus or minus about 1%. This suggests that the warm-up run provided for the test method stabilizes the tire pressure and rolling resistance and that interference due to changes in rolling resistance during a test run or between runs is a concern only for tests that measure small changes in fuel consumption. While the results obtained here are used to assess the effect of inflation pressure on the SAE J1321 test and apply only to the particular tires tested, the method of analysis may be useful in the assessment of the effect of over- or underinflated tires on fuel consumption in the wider long-haul trucking fleet.

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Effects of Tire Rolling Resistance on Vehicle Fuel Consumption

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2167194 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 3-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

W. B. Crum ◽

R. G. McNall

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Aerodynamic Drag ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Measurement Precision ◽

Test Results ◽

Control Measurement ◽

Definition Of ◽

And Control ◽

Reliable Testing

Abstract Variation in the effects of tire rolling resistance on passenger car fuel consumption seldom exceeds ten percent. The definition of these effects is therefore a problem in experimental design and control, measurement precision, and careful accounting for uncontrolled variables. A rolling resistance test conducted on a road surface with a fully instrumented tire test trailer is described and the test results presented. Fuel “economy” test techniques are discussed with emphasis on precautions and recommendations for reliable testing and test results presented. When aerodynamic drag is taken into account with wind tunnel measurements, the results are suggestive of engine characteristic curves.

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Tire Testing for Rolling Resistance and Fuel Economy

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2167190 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 286-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. A. Glemming ◽

P. A. Bowers

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Laboratory Testing ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Test Methods ◽

Test Parameter ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Tire Testing ◽

Road Testing

Abstract The rolling resistance of tires and the fundamental factors influencing rolling resistance during laboratory and road testing are discussed. Test methodologies for vehicle fuel consumption, vehicle coast-down, rolling resistance trailer measurements, and laboratory testing are described. This paper is confined to passenger tire characteristics and deals primarily with test techniques, although some observations are made regarding tire construction, the effect of environment, comparison of test methods, test parameter effects, and the interrelationships between various test modes.

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Commercial Trailer Tires: Tire Inflation and Its Effect on Rolling Resistance, Fuel Economy, and Tire Footprint

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/tire.15.430201 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 144-162

Author(s):

Al Cohn

Keyword(s):

Fuel Economy ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Maintenance Cost ◽

Wear Loss ◽

Truck Tires ◽

Footprint Analysis ◽

Subsequent Loss ◽

Resistance Data

ABSTRACT Maintaining proper tire inflation is the number one issue facing commercial fleets today. Common, slow-leaking tread area punctures along with leaking valve stems and osmosis through the tire casing lead to tire underinflation with a subsequent loss in fuel economy, reduction in retreadability, tread wear loss, irregular wear, and increase in tire-related roadside service calls. Commercial truck tires are the highest maintenance cost for fleets second only to fuel. This article will examine tire footprint analysis, rolling resistance data, and the effect on vehicle fuel economy from tires run at a variety of underinflated, overinflated, and recommended tire pressures. This analysis will also include the tire footprint impact by running tires on both fully loaded and unloaded trailers. The footprint analysis addresses both standard dual tires (295/75R22.5) along with the newer increasingly popular wide-base tire size 445/50R22.5.

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Light-Weight Tire Concept

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2137514 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 119-131

Author(s):

F. Lux ◽

H. Stumpf

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Performance Standards ◽

Light Weight ◽

Production Methods ◽

Lower Fuel Consumption ◽

Material Resources ◽

The Past ◽

Tire Production

Abstract Current demands by the consumer, the automobile industry, and the environment have determined the basis of this investigation. In the past, the requirements—ever faster, ever sportier—were accepted as decisive parameters for the development of our study. In the future, rational and safety-related tire characteristics as well as environmental consciousness will increase, whereas purely performance-related parameters will diminish in their importance. Through our light-weight tire project, we have paved the way for future tire generations. The first priority is the minimal use of material resources; this means a reduction of materials and energy in tire production by using advanced design and production methods without sacrificing performance standards. This benefits the consumer—the final judge of all of our activities—by considerably reducing the rolling resistance, leading to lower fuel consumption. Further design targets include the improvement of rolling behavior and increased comfort by reducing tire weight, and therefore a reduction in unsprung masses on the vehicle.

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An adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy considering catalyst temperature for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1177/09544070211043478 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440702110434

Author(s):

Tao Deng ◽

Ke Zhao ◽

Haoyuan Yu

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽

Test Procedure ◽

Catalyst Temperature ◽

Equivalent Factor ◽

Simulation Results ◽

Hybrid Electric ◽

Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy

In the process of sufficiently considering fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), the working time of engine will be reduced accordingly. The increased frequency that the three-way catalytic converter (TWCC) works in abnormal operating temperature will lead to the increasing of emissions. This paper proposes the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) to ensure the catalyst temperature of PHEV can work in highly efficient areas, and the influence of catalyst temperature on fuel economy and emissions is considered. The simulation results show that the fixed equivalent factor of ECMS has great limitations for the underutilized battery power and the poor fuel economy. In order to further reduce fuel consumption and keep the emission unchanged, an equivalent factor map based on initial state of charge (SOC) and vehicle mileage is established by the genetic algorithm. Furthermore, an Adaptive changing equivalent factor is achieved by using the following strategy of SOC trajectory. Ultimately, adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) considering catalyst temperature is proposed. The simulation results show that compared with ordinary ECMS, HC, CO, and NOX are reduced by 14.6%, 20.3%, and 25.8%, respectively, which effectively reduces emissions. But the fuel consumption is increased by only 2.3%. To show that the proposed method can be used in actual driving conditions, it is tested on the World Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTC).

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Investigation of Hybrid Fuel Cell (HFC) Technology Applications on the Future Passenger Railroad Transportation

Joint Rail ◽

10.1115/rtd2003-1652 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Moghbelli ◽

Y. Gao ◽

R. Langari ◽

M. Ehsani

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

High Speed ◽

High Efficiency ◽

New Technologies ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Weak Link ◽

Transportation System ◽

Production Costs ◽

Passenger Railroad

Due to the consideration of fragile security, and longer check-in times and inconveniences due to increased air travel security examination since September 11th 2001, more and more people have turn to ground transportation. Unfortunately, the inefficient, environment-unfriendly and unsafe passenger cars and buses are the only choices available for middle distance trips. Development of high efficiency, clean and high speed railroad passenger transportation system has become more necessary to overcome this weak link. In this paper, the applicability of hybrid drive train technologies for middle-distance passenger train locomotives will be investigated. A systematic design of the diesel based hybrid locomotive helps to increase efficiency, improve fuel economy, reduce emissions and also reduce mass production costs. Furthermore, professional management and maintenance of railroad train locomotives make such new technologies more practical than for road vehicles. The success of such transportation system will have a great positive impact on our social activities, quality of life, energy supply, environment and economy. A diesel based hybrid electric locomotive (HEL) with batteries or an ultracapacitor is an option to reduce fuel consumption and emissions and provide better performance and fuel economy. The reduced fuel consumption helps reduce the amount of pollutants released. Engineering estimation indicate that emissions will be reduced by 70% and fuel efficiency will be increased by at least 30% in hybrid locomotives.

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