Personal Power Imagery and Relaxation Techniques Used in Smoking Cessation Programs

Background. Theoretically-based interventions are necessary for enhancing the power of self-control behaviors in smokers attempting to quit smoking cigarettes. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of guided imagery and relaxation techniques as interventions for smoking cessation. The relationship of imagery and self-control was also examined. Methods. A convenience sample of 84 adult smokers participated in one of three treatment conditions: power imagery (n = 28), relaxation imagery (n =29), and “placebo” control (n = 27). Treatment group members were taught imagery during a six-session smoking cessation program, and the control group was provided imagery training upon study completion. Results. Smoking quit rates were 67% for the power imagery group, 69 % for the relaxation group, and 27% for the control group. At a three-month follow-up, the power imagery group had a continued abstinence rate of 52 % (relapse rate = 48 %), the relaxation group had an abstinence rate of 55% (relapse rate = 45 %), and the control group cessation rate remained at 27% (relapse rate = 73%). One-way and repeated measures MANOVAs demonstrated significant differences among the three groups at posttreatment, F (8, 158) = 13.92, p < .05, and revealed that the practice of imagery treatments over time produced changes in power test scores and smoking rates, F(3, 127) = 24.67, p < .05. Discussion. This study demonstrated that power and relaxation imagery treatments were equally effective in reducing smoking rates. Further investigations into the therapeutic uses of imagery are recommended.

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Determining the effects of exercise after smoking cessation therapy completion on continuous abstinence from smoking: Japanese study protocol

10.21203/rs.2.259/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yuka Ozaki ◽

Maki Komiyama ◽

Kenji Ueshima ◽

Hiroyasu Iso ◽

Satoko Sakata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Abstinence Rate ◽

Psychological State ◽

Control Group ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Continuous Abstinence ◽

Therapy Completion ◽

Smoking Cessation Therapy

Abstract Background: Despite a steady world-wide decline over recent decades, the smoking rates remain high in developed countries. In Japan, the smoking rate is 30% for men and 10% for women. Based on these rates, Japan's smoking population is estimated to be 18.8 million (14.06 million for men and 4.74 million for women). The rate of success for smoking cessation has recently improved due to the widespread availability of drug therapy; however, the success rate for quitting smoking one year after beginning therapy is only around 50%. Previous studies have demonstrated that exercise can relieve mental stress during continuous abstinence from smoking and curb smoking resumption. To date, no large-scale randomized controlled trials have examined the effects of exercise on smoking cessation. The present study aims to determine the effects of implementing an intervention in the form of exercise instruction after smoking cessation therapy completion on continuous abstinence from smoking. Methods: This is a multicenter, prospective, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial in Japan.We will enroll 300 individuals visiting a smoking cessation clinic (over three months) who have abstained from smoking in the second month after their initial visit as potential participants. Participants will not habitually exercise and will consent to participate. Participants will be randomly assigned to the exercise intervention group or control group. The intervention group will receive instruction on exercises that can be incorporated into their daily lives. The control group will be followed during the standard smoking cessation support program. The primary endpoint will be the continuous abstinence rate, and secondary endpoints will be weight, blood pressure, exhaled carbon monoxide concentration, psychological state, and blood test results. These indices will be compared between the intervention and control groups, with follow-up periods of nine months for both groups. Discussion: By examining the effects of exercise instruction after completion of a 12-week smoking cessation therapy, this study should yield quality information that can be used to develop protocols to improve the continuous abstinence rate and inhibit weight gain after smoking cessation therapy.

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The effect of a repeat septic shock simulation on the knowledge and skill performance of undergraduate nursing students

Journal of Nursing Education and Practice ◽

10.5430/jnep.v11n1p30 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Mary Beth R. Maguire ◽

Anne White ◽

Jane D. Brannan ◽

Austin R. Brown

Keyword(s):

Septic Shock ◽

Nursing Students ◽

Clinical Judgment ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Control Group ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Undergraduate Nursing ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Shock Simulation ◽

The Impact

Background: Prelicensure nursing students possess minimal knowledge and skill to implement sepsis protocols effectively. This article evaluates an educational project to assess the impact of a repeat septic shock simulation on pre-licensure nursing students' knowledge and skill competency. Methods: A quasi-experimental, repeated measures, pre-post design strategy was used to evaluate a repeat septic shock simulation. A convenience sample of one-hundred-forty-three (N = 143) senior baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in the study. The project consisted of a septic shock didactic session, septic shock simulation with a high-fidelity mannequin, debrief, repeat simulation followed by a second debrief as a component of a complex health nursing course. Ninety-seven (n = 97) participants were randomly assigned to groups of up to five students to participate in a repeat septic shock simulation. Forty-six (n = 46) participants were randomly assigned to up to five students and served as a control group. The control group participated in all study elements except the repeat simulation.Results: The percent change in nursing students’ knowledge scores from Pre-simulation to Post-simulation was statistically significant (p < .001). The initial and repeat simulation realized modest gains in competency scores between the initial and repeated simulation.Conclusions: Providing concurrent experiences using a screening tool in real-time while simultaneously providing an opportunity to practice and refine clinical judgment through a repeat simulation proved effective.

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Does Using Relapse Prevention Increase the Efficacy of a Program for Smoking Cessation?: An Empirical Study

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1997.81.1.291 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 291-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Elisardo Becoña ◽

Fernando L. Vázquez

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Relapse Prevention ◽

Treatment Session ◽

Self Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Behavioral Program ◽

End Of Treatment ◽

Multicomponent Program

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of relapse prevention taught as a problem-solving procedure in increasing the efficacy of a behavioral program for smoking cessation at short- and longer-term, 12-mo. follow-up. 75 smokers were assigned randomly to two treatment groups, using an additional 40 smokers who attended an information session but did not receive any treatment session as a control group. The first group ( n = 40) received the standard behavioral multicomponent program of Becoña. The program included motivational contract, self-monitoring, information on smoking, nicotine fading, stimulus control, avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, physiological feedback, and progressive self-control. The second group ( n = 36), the relapse prevention group, were given the above program and an additional component of relapse prevention using a problem solving procedure. Both groups had 8 sessions of treatment. Analysis showed that at the end of treatment abstinence in the two groups was 80.0% and 61.1%, respectively, at the 12-mo. follow-ups 30.0% and 36.1%. These differences were not significant; however, both groups were significantly different from the control group at the end of treatment (0% abstinence) and at 12-mo. follow-ups (2.5% abstinence). These results show that the addition of this relapse prevention does not increase the number of smokers who quit or decrease the number who relapse. Further research should focus on the process of relapse and develop more effective procedures to help maintain abstinence.

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Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: multicentre randomised controlled trial

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj-2021-065217 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. e065217

Author(s):

Ivan Berlin ◽

Noémi Berlin ◽

Marie Malecot ◽

Martine Breton ◽

Florence Jusot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Financial Incentives ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Financial Incentive ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Abstinence Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Smoking Abstinence ◽

Pregnant Smokers

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of financial incentives dependent on continuous smoking abstinence on smoking cessation and birth outcomes among pregnant smokers.DesignSingle blind, randomised controlled trial.SettingFinancial Incentive for Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy (FISCP) trial in 18 maternity wards in France.Participants460 pregnant smokers aged at least 18 years who smoked ≤5 cigarettes/day or ≤3 roll-your-own cigarettes/day and had a pregnancy gestation of <18 weeks were randomised to a financial incentives group (n=231) or a control group (n=229).InterventionsParticipants in the financial incentives group received a voucher equivalent to €20 (£17; $23), and further progressively increasing vouchers at each study visit if they remained abstinent. Participants in the control group received no financial incentive for abstinence. All participants received a €20 show-up fee at each of six visits.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measure was continuous smoking abstinence from the first post-quit date visit to visit 6, before delivery. Secondary outcomes in the mothers were point prevalence abstinence, time to smoking relapse, withdrawal symptoms, blood pressure, and alcohol and cannabis use in past 30 days. Secondary outcomes in the babies were gestational age at birth, birth characteristics (birth weight, length, head circumference, Apgar score), and a poor neonatal outcome—a composite measure of transfer to the neonatal unit, congenital malformation, convulsions, or perinatal death.ResultsMean age was 29 years. In the financial incentives and control groups, respectively, 137 (59%) and 148 (65%) were employed, 163 (71%) and 171 (75%) were in a relationship, and 41 (18%) and 31 (13%) were married. The participants had smoked a median of 60 cigarettes in the past seven days. The continuous abstinence rate was significantly higher in the financial incentives group (16%, 38/231) than control group (7%, 17/229): odds ratio 2.45 (95% confidence interval 1.34 to 4.49), P=0.004). The point prevalence abstinence rate was higher (4.61, 1.41 to 15.01, P=0.011), the median time to relapse was longer (visit 5 (interquartile range 3-6) and visit 4 (3-6), P<0.001)), and craving for tobacco was lower (β=−1.81, 95% confidence interval −3.55 to −0.08, P=0.04) in the financial incentives group than control group. Financial incentives were associated with a 7% reduction in the risk of a poor neonatal outcome: 4 babies (2%) in the financial incentives group and 18 babies (9%) in the control group: mean difference 14 (95% confidence interval 5 to 23), P=0.003. Post hoc analyses suggested that more babies in the financial incentives group had birth weights ≥2500 g than in the control group: unadjusted odds ratio 1.95 (95% confidence interval 0.99 to 3.85), P=0.055; sex adjusted odds ratio 2.05 (1.03 to 4.10), P=0.041; and sex and prematurity adjusted odds ratio 2.06 (0.90 to 4.71), P=0.086. As these are post hoc analyses, the results should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionsFinancial incentives to reward smoking abstinence compared with no financial incentives were associated with an increased abstinence rate in pregnant smokers. Financial incentives dependent on smoking abstinence could be implemented as a safe and effective intervention to help pregnant smokers quit smoking.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02606227.

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Your wish is my command! Influence of symbolic modelling on preschool children’s delay of gratification

10.7287/peerj.preprints.759v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Damian Scarf ◽

Sahlia Kumst

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Delay Of Gratification ◽

Self Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Story Telling ◽

Symbolic Model ◽

Personal Story ◽

Before And After ◽

Symbolic Modelling ◽

And Control

Children’s ability to delay gratification is correlated with a range of positive outcomes in adulthood, showing the potential impact of helping young children increase their competence in this area. This study investigated the influence of symbolic models on 3-year-old children’s self-control. Eighty-three children were randomly assigned to one of three modelling conditions: personal story-telling, impersonal story-telling, and control. Children were tested on the delay-of-gratification maintenance paradigm both before and after being exposed to a symbolic model or control condition. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences between the two story-telling groups and the control group, indicating that the symbolic models did not influence children’s ability to delay gratification. A serendipitous finding showed a positive relationship between children’s ability to wait and their production and accurate use of temporal terms, which was more pronounced in girls than boys. This finding may be an indication that a higher temporal vocabulary is linked to a continuous representation of the self in time, facilitating children’s representation of the future-self receiving a larger reward than what the present-self could receive.

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Determining the effects of exercise after smoking cessation therapy completion on continuous abstinence from smoking: A study protocol

10.21203/rs.2.259/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yuka Ozaki ◽

Maki Komiyama ◽

Kenji Ueshima ◽

Hiroyasu Iso ◽

Satoko Sakata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Abstinence Rate ◽

Psychological State ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Instruction ◽

Continuous Abstinence ◽

Therapy Completion ◽

Smoking Cessation Therapy

Abstract Background: Over the past few years, the rate of success for smoking cessation has improved markedly owing to the widespread availability of drug therapy; however, the quit rate 1 year after the beginning of therapy remains low at approximately 50%. Previous studies have demonstrated that exercise can relieve mental stress during continuous abstinence from smoking and curb the resumption of smoking. Nonetheless, very few studies have examined the effects of exercise therapy combined with continuous abstinence from smoking; those studies involved only a handful of patients. Thus, this study will examine continuous abstinence from smoking coupled with instructions on specific forms of exercise in individuals who are attempting to quit smoking but do not exercise. We aimed to determine the effects of implementing an intervention in the form of exercise instruction after smoking cessation therapy completion on continuous abstinence from smoking. If this study finds that exercise instruction increases the continuous abstinence rate, widespread implementation of the intervention is expected to reduce public smoking rate, promote health, reduce medical expenses, and greatly benefit the public. Methods: We will enroll patients visiting a smoking cessation clinic (over a 3-month period) who have abstained from smoking in the second month after their initial visit as potential subjects and patients aged 20–75 years who do not exercise and who consent to participation in this study as subjects. We aim to enroll 300 patients. Subjects will be randomly assigned to one of the following two groups: an intervention group actively given exercise instruction in addition to the standard instruction and a control group given the standard instruction. The status of the two groups will be assessed after 9 months. The intervention group will receive instruction on exercises that can be incorporated into their daily lives. Additionally, members of this group will be lent a pedometer and encouraged to record their daily step count, level of activity, and weight during follow-up. The control group will be followed during the standard smoking cessation support program. The primary endpoint will be the continuous abstinence rate, and secondary endpoints will be weight, blood pressure, exhaled carbon monoxide concentration, psychological state, and blood test results. These indices will be compared between the intervention and control groups; the study will be conducted over a 9-month period. Discussion: By examining the effects of exercise instruction after 12-weeks smoking cessation therapy completion (covered by the National Health Insurance), this study will yield quality information for the development of protocols to improve the continuous abstinence rate and inhibit weight gain after smoking cessation therapy. Trial registration: The study is registered at UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000014615). Registered on 1st October, 2014. Keywords: Smoking cessation, exercise, weight gain, obesity

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Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation in Adolescent Smokers: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/nty180 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 1473-1479 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Seung-Kwon Myung ◽

Joo-Young Park

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Abstinence Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Adolescent Smokers ◽

Meta Analyses

Abstract Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation among adolescent smokers by using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched from the inception to January 20, 2018. We included RCTs of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation among adolescent smokers aged less than 20 years. Data were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. The primary outcome measures were a smoking abstinence rate and its relative risk (RR) at the longest follow-up period in each study validated by biochemical markers. Results Among a total of 1035 articles searched, nine RCTs, which involved 1188 adolescent smokers aged 12–20 years with 627 in the intervention group and 561 in the control group, were included in the final analysis. In the random-effects meta-analysis of all the nine trials, pharmacotherapy showed a increased abstinence rate (RR = 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08 to 2.44, I2 = 0.0%), compared with the control group. Subgroup meta-analyses by follow-up period showed an increased abstinence rate at 4 weeks (RR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.22 to 2.87; n = 4) and a nonsignificantly increased abstinence rate during the longer term follow-up periods at 8, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. Conclusions The current meta-analysis suggests that pharmacotherapy can be considered as an aid for smoking cessation in the short-term period among adolescent smokers. However, further large RCTs are warranted to determine its long-term efficacy and safety. Implications In this meta-analysis of nine RCTs with 1188 adolescent smokers aged 12–20 years, pharmacotherapy showed an increased abstinence rate, compared with the control group. In the subgroup meta-analyses by follow-up period, it showed the increased abstinence rate at 4 weeks and no efficacy on abstinence during the longer term follow-up periods up to 52 weeks. Further large RCTs are warranted to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy in adolescent smokers.

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Aloe Royal Jelly Powder Contributes to Maintain Normal Immunity: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Journal of Advances in Medicine Science ◽

10.30564/jams.v1i4.293 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

Yi Yang ◽

Chen Zhang ◽

Xiaoguang Zhu ◽

Mei Huang ◽

Xuemei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Royal Jelly ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Self Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Trial Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After

To study the safety and the function of maintaining normal immunity of product with royal jelly lyophilized powder and whole-leaf aloe drying powder as main raw materials. Methods: Selected 125 subjects qualified for inclusion/exclusion criteria for a trial test. (The trial group lost 9 subjects. The control group lost 6 subjects.54 effective subjects of trial group includes 12 men and 42 women. 56 effective subjects of control group including 9 men and 47 women.) The trial group was evaluated by self-control and inter-group comparison, after 90 days of continuous use of aloe royal jelly. Results: There are significant differences in the overall feeling, physiological feeling, psychological feeling and comprehensive evaluation of the individuals in the trial group after 90 days (P<0.001), which are higher than before. The control group has no statistically significant difference in the comprehensive evaluation before and after the trial (P>0.05). The ratio of CD4/CD8, IgG, IgA and IgM in the trial group and the placebo control group are above the normal low-limit. There is no obvious abnormality in indicators of blood test, blood biochemistry, liver and kidney function and other clinical tests. Conclusion: Aloe royal jelly powder contributes to maintain normal immune function and has no harmful effect to the health of subjects.

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Efficacy of smoking cessation in spirometry results of COPD smokers: a randomized controlled clinical trial

10.1101/2020.04.29.20085894 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

abbas alipour ◽

mehran zarghami ◽

ali sharifpour ◽

fatemeh taghizadeh

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Smoking Cessation ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Abstinence Rate ◽

Primary Data ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Group 6

AbstractBackgroundNicotine replacement therapy (NRT) may be more effective if it is combined with short cognitive-behavioral interventions for smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasesmokers.Material and methodsTo examine the effectiveness of guided self-change (GSC), in a randomized controlled clinical trial, 57 men ranging from 45 to 77 years old were randomly assigned to three 19-member groups (GSC, NRT, and combined GSC-NRT).The primary data on smoking cessation and pulmonary functions were examined during 29 weeks using General Linear (GEE) Model status, intention-to-treat analysis, and repeated measures ANOVA test.ResultsA total of 9 (47.4%) of the participants in the GSC and combined groups and 4 (21.1%) participants in the NRT group reported total abstinence rate from smoking by the end of 29 weeks. Daily cigarette number was changed from 24 to 4 in GSC group, 26 to 11 in NRT group, and 20 to 6 in combined group. The GEE model revealed that this variable decreased in GSC group more than two other groups significantly (P=0.003). Moreover, the FVC level of the NRT group was lower than the GSC group (P=0.04), and the FEV in the NRT group was lower than GSC group (P=0.02). Furthermore, the level of FEV1/FVC act/pred in the NRT group was lower than GSC group (−6, 95% CI: -10.4-(−1.5), P=0.008) and it was also lower in the combined group than the GSC group (−6, 95% CI: -11.3-(−0.5), PV=0.03).ConclusionGSC and combined GSC-NRT treatments were equally effective in abstinence rate. Moreover Daily cigarette and the FEV1/FVC act/pred in GSC group was more than two other groups, indicating the health professionals can apply GSC alone in smoking cessation and improve lung function of COPD smokers.

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