scholarly journals Identification of Follower Status Based on Male Proximity Score in Crested Macaque

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Andre Pasetha ◽  
Lisa Michelle Danish ◽  
Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah ◽  
Muhammad Agil ◽  
Antje Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Temporary Association ◽  
Gain Access

Crested macaque live in multimale-multifemale social groups where temporary association (consortship) typically occurs. Current theory and these limited qualitative observations suggest the hypothesis that behavior functions as a means for males to gain access to fertile females. The aim of this study was to investigate follower status based on quantitative method. Males were classified as either “consort males,” “followers,” and “non-followers” based on proximity maintanance every 15 minute uses scan sampling. Tactics used by followers were classified into 1) individual challenge, 2) coalitionary challenge, 3) abandoned takeover, and 4) opportunistic takeover. The proportion of successful takeovers by followers was calculated by dividing the number of takeovers by followers by the total number of observed takeovers. The proportion of followers is higher than average on D-5 and earlier, D-4, and D-3. Only two of the four consort takeover tactics were used by followers. For abandoned which made up 40% and for individual tactic was made up to 11.5% of consort takeovers tactic used. This study contribute to our understanding of alternative mating strategy in primate and provide the first quantitative data demonstrating that following is an alternative mating strategy in crested macaque (Macaca nigra).

scholarly journals PRESEPSI SISWA DAN GURU TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN DARING DI SMA YAPIS MANOKWARI KELAS XI

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-351
Author(s):  
Rahmatia Rahmatia ◽  
Syahira Syahira ◽  
Ardian Eko Sajaril
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Face To Face Learning

Online learning is used by all levels of education without exception, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. But the effectiveness of online learning is still unknown, because teachers are more focused on teaching than conducting studies on online learning. So this study aims to determine the effectiveness of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at Yapis Manokwari High School. The method in this research uses descriptive quantitative method, in which quantitative data is in the form of a percentage of the results of the questionnaire, and descriptive data is in the form of a description of the percentage of the results of the questionnaire. In addition, data collection techniques also use interview techniques to strengthen students' questionnaire answers. The interview was conducted with a class XI teacher at SMA Yapis Manokwari. The sample used was 30 students. The results showed that students understood the use of online platforms in online learning, but online learning was not effective due to several factors, including: (1) signal, (2) time constraints, (3) noise from students due to forgetting to turn off the microphone. In addition, the results of interviews with teachers also show that online learning is not effective because it does not meet teacher expectations or does not achieve learning objectives compared to face-to-face learning. Abstrak Pembelajaran online digunakan oleh semua jenjang pendidikan tanpa terkecuali, akibat dari pandemi covid-19. Tetapi keefektifan pembelajaran online masih belum diketahui, dikarenakan guru lebih fokus mengajar daripada melakukan telaah mengenai pembelajaran online. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan pemebelajaran online di masa pandemi covid-19 di SMA Yapis Manokwari. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif deskriptif, yang mana data kuantitatif berupa presentase hasil angket, dan data deskriptif berupa pendeskripsian presentase hasil angket, selain itu teknik pengambilan data juga menggunakan teknik wawancara untuk memperkuat jawaban angket siswa. Wawancara dilakukan kepada guru pengajar kelas XI SMA Yapis Manokwari. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah 30 siswa. Hasil enelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa memahami penggunaan platform daring dalam pembelajaran online, tetapi pembelajaran online tidak efektif dikarenakan beberapa faktor, diantaranya: (1) signal, (2) keterbatasan waktu, (3) suara bising dari siswa akibat lupa mematikan mikrofon. Selain itu, hasil wawancara kepada guru juga menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran secara online tidak efektif karena tidak memenuhi harapan guru atau tidak mencapai tujuan pembelajaran dibanding pembelajaran secara tatap muka.

Saints and Sinners

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Stephen Farrall ◽  
Susanne Karstedt
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Violent Offenders ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Market Place ◽  
The West ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Offending Trajectories ◽  
Detailed Picture

This chapter draws upon qualitative and quantitative data to assess the extent of both victimization and offending in the market place. It examines what consumers did when they found they had been cheated, and discusses the extent to which there is an overlap between being a victim and offender. The chapter paints a detailed picture of victimization, offending, and the degree to which these are related. Findings show that some types of victimization are very common in all three regions, like e.g. unnecessary repairs, while considerable differences exist between them in terms of being offered too little by one’s insurer (most common in West Germany), or being sold faulty second-hand goods (most common in England and Wales). Differences in offending are by far more distinct, with the West Germans outdoing their East Germans and English and Welsh counterparts. For both victimization and offending trajectories of mostly ‘slow-burning change’ were detected for all three regions. Middle-class consumers do not differ from disadvantaged social groups with regard to the relation between victimization and offending: the findings suggest as strong a relationship between victimization and offending, similar to what is usually found for violent offenders and their victimization in marginalized neighbourhoods.

Reproduction by Captive Unplumed Male Lesser Bird of ParadiseParadisaea minor: Evidence for an Alternative Mating Strategy?

1992 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Laska ◽  
Michael Hutchins ◽  
Christine Sheppard ◽  
Wendy Worth ◽  
Kurt Hundgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy

Intermolt Insemination, an Alternative Mating Strategy for the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2402-2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Waddy ◽  
D. E. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Female Receptivity ◽  
Molt Stage ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy ◽  
Ovarian Stage

American lobster (Homarus americanus) have a dual mating strategy. Although most females mate when they are newly molted, mating can occur at any molt stage if necessary, in the laboratory, virtually all uninseminated preovigerous females mate prior to spawning. Male aggression is a major factor in the success of intermolt mating and males can discriminate between immature and mature females, and between inseminated and uninseminated females. Female receptivity is affected by both ovarian stage and the presence of stored sperm, but not by molt stage. Most females become unreceptive after insemination, but their receptivity returns once the supply of stored sperm is exhausted. Intermolt mating occurs in smaller lobster that for some reason did not mate at molt, and it is an important part of the reproductive strategy of larger lobster. Lobster s[Formula: see text] carapace length frequently spawn twice without molting and often fail to store sufficient sperm to fertilize consecutive spawnings. Intermolt mating ensures these females will produce fertile second broods.

Influence of density and major histocompatibility genotype on sexual selection in a salmonid alternative mating strategy

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Weir ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings ◽  
Daniel D. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy

Various mechanisms of sexual selection can occur at both the whole organism and gamete levels. Fertilization success in salmonid fishes is largely determined by behavioural competition within and between “fighter” and “sneaker” male strategies, but is also influenced by interactions among gametes. We investigated the influence of density, fighter male presence, and major histocompatibility (MH) genotype on patterns of fertilization success in sneaker Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). At low density and in the absence of fighter males, monopolization by single sneaker males occurred, suggesting that male–male competition was the main determinant of fertilization success. By contrast, at high density and (or) in the presence of fighter males, several sneakers succeeded in fertilizing eggs. Our study, the first to investigate the role of MH-mediated fertilization for a genetically based alternative male mating strategy, suggests that a larger proportion of eggs were fertilized by sneakers whose MH genotypes were more similar to those of the female than expected by chance. These findings highlight the importance of examining sexual selection under different competitive conditions.

scholarly journals Intergroup lethal gang attacks do not require fission-fusion dynamics to evolve

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Martínez-Íñigo ◽  
Antje Engelhardt ◽  
Muhammad Agil ◽  
Malgorzata Pilot ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Intergroup Aggression ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
New Hypothesis

ABSTRACTLethal gang attacks, in which multiple aggressors attack a single victim, are among the most widespread forms of violence between human groups. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), as well as wolves (Canis lupus), spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), and lions (Panthera leo), perform gang attacks during raids. In raids, a few individuals of a group enter another group’s territory and attack its members if found in numerical disadvantage. Current theory predicts that raids and gang attacks are linked to fission-fusion dynamics, i.e., the capacity of a group to split into smaller subgroups of variable size and composition. However, over the last decade, research on social mammals without fission-fusion societies nor raiding have shown that they may also be involved in intergroup lethal gang attacks. Thus, neither fission-fusion dynamics nor raiding are required for gang attacks to evolve. Based on our first-ever reports of intergroup gang attacks in the crested macaque (Macaca nigra), combined with the synthesis of earlier observations of such attacks in several species living in stable groups, we develop a new hypothesis about the proximate causes leading to lethal intergroup aggression. We propose that the ability to estimate numerical odds, form coalitionary bonds, and show hostility towards outgroup individuals may suffice to trigger intergroup gang attacks when the conditions favour an imbalance of power between victims and attackers.

scholarly journals Sulawesi Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) Grooming Networks Are Robust to Perturbation While Individual Associations Are More Labile

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica B. Cowl ◽  
Keith Jensen ◽  
Jessica M. D. Lea ◽  
Susan L. Walker ◽  
Susanne Shultz
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Captive Group ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Reproductive Male ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSocial and environmental disturbance occurs naturally, and species in bonded social groups should be resilient to it. Empirical evidence of social responses to disturbance in primates, however, remains limited. We constructed social networks using group-level scan samples (N = 299) to test the robustness of grooming networks in a captive group of 20 Sulawesi crested macaques (Macaca nigra) to two management interventions involving environmental and social disturbance. During the first, the institution removed six castrated males and one female, contracepted six of the nine remaining females, and moved the group to a new enclosure. The second involved the introduction of a novel, reproductive male five weeks later. Networks remained stable following the first intervention. However, after introduction of the male, the number of grooming partners and the frequency of grooming with non-maternal kin increased in female-only networks. We observed less marked increases in the grooming frequency and number of grooming partners in whole group networks. Ten weeks later, network structure was more similar to that of pre-intervention networks than post-intervention networks. Our results suggest that reproductive males play a more important role in structuring Sulawesi crested macaque social networks than castrated males, as networks expanded and relationships between non-maternal kin occurred more frequently after introduction of the reproductive male. However, network responses to interventions appeared to be temporary as networks following a period of acclimation more closely resembled pre-intervention networks than post-intervention networks. Our study demonstrates the utility of social network analysis for understanding the impact of disturbance on stable social groups.

The discovery of the ‘transient’ male Tibetan wild ass: alternative ‘sneaky’ mating tactics in a wild equid?

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Prameek M. Kannan ◽  
Michael H. Parsons ◽  
Pushpinder S. Jamwal ◽  
Pankaj S. Chandan ◽  
Faith E. Parsons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Minimal Time ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy ◽  
Urine Marking ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
Social Behaviours

Male asses usually consist of two classes, social bachelors and solitary, territorial males. However, our observations of the Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) suggested a third class may exist. Unexpectedly, unidentified males were often found courting females within another male’s territory. To test our hypothesis that a new social class existed, we compared 12 social behaviours among three putative groups. The third male-type spent less time herding and demonstrating flehmen, while spending more time retreating, trotting and in proximity of females, where they were more likely to engage in courtship and urine-marking. Based on increased time spent among females within other territories, the most courtship events, and minimal time invested in each courtship, they appear to employ ‘sneaky’ mating tactics. We discuss whether these ‘transient’ males are demonstrating an adaptive alternative mating strategy, or whether these behaviours result from a discrete developmental stage of bachelors unready to challenge a rival.

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