scholarly journals Joint Effects of Impulsive and Self-Regulatory Process on Gambling Frequency

Author(s):  
Matthew T. Keough ◽  
Roisin M. O’Connor ◽  
Jennifer Swansburg ◽  
Sean P. Barrett ◽  
David C. Hodgins ◽  
...  

Dual process models propose that behaviour is influenced by the interactive effect of impulsive (i.e., automatic or implicit) and self-regulatory (i.e., controlled or explicit) processes. Recently, evidence from the alcohol literature demonstrates that the impulse to engage in risky behaviour is mitigated by a high capacity to self-regulate. The current study aimed to extend this model to behavioural addictions, namely frequent gambling behaviour. It was hypothesized that impulsive processes favouring gambling (positive implicit gambling cognition) would predict frequent gambling, but only if the capacity to self-regulate was low. A treatment-seeking sample of 57 adults with problem gambling (Mage = 45.20 years, 54% men) completed two Single Category Implicit Association Tests, one reflecting tension-reduction, and the other enhancement, implicit gambling cognition. Participants also completed self-report measures of past week gambling frequency and the Gambling Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale, which provided a measure of the self-regulatory capacity to abstain from gambling when emotionally aroused. Controlling for age and gender, consistent with hypotheses, implicit tension reduction gambling cognition positively predicted gambling frequency at low (p = .046) but not at high (p =.191) self-efficacy for gambling abstinence when feeling emotionally bad. However, self-efficacy for gambling abstinence when feeling emotionally good was not supported as a moderator of the effect of implicit enhancement gambling cognition on gambling frequency. Results suggest that the cognitions inherent in the impulsive process leading to frequent gambling are tension reduction or escape-related. Furthermore, emotionally relevant nuances to the ability to self-regulate gambling do exist; these nuances may contribute to both risk model specificity and interventions.RésuméLes modèles à doubles processus indiquent que le comportement est influencé par l’effet interactif de processus impulsifs (c’est-à-dire, automatiques ou implicites) et autorégulateurs (c’est-à-dire contrôlés ou explicites). Récemment, des preuves tirées de la littérature sur l’alcool démontrent que l’impulsion à s’engager dans des comportements à risque est contrebalancée par une forte capacité d’autorégulation. La présente étude visait à étendre ce modèle aux dépendances comportementales, à savoir le comportement de jeu fréquent. On a émis l’hypothèse que des processus impulsifs favorisant le jeu (cognition de jeu implicite positive) pourraient laisser présager un jeu fréquent, mais seulement si la capacité d’autorégulation était faible. Un échantillon de 57 adultes aux prises avec problème de jeu compulsif (moyenne = 45,20 ans, 54 % d’hommes) a effectué deux tests d’association implicites à catégorie unique, l’un reflétant la réduction de tension et l’autre, la cognition de jeu implicite. Les participants ont également rempli des une auto-évaluation de la fréquence de jeu de la semaine qui précédait et l’échelle d’auto-évaluation de l’abstinence (Gambling Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale), qui mesure la capacité de s’abstenir de jouer lorsque l’émotion est forte. En contrôlant l’âge et le sexe, et à la lumière des hypothèses, la cognition de jeu implicite prédit positivement une faible auto-efficacité liée à la fréquence de jeu (p = 0,046) et non pas une haute auto-efficacité (p = 0,191) pour ce qui est de l’abstinence au jeu en situation d’émotion négative. Cependant, l’auto-régulation pour s’abstenir de jouer lorsqu’on se sent émotionnellement bien n’était pas considérée comme un modérateur de l’effet de la cognition de jeu implicite sur la fréquence de jeu. Les résultats suggèrent que les cognitions inhérentes au processus impulsif conduisant à un jeu fréquent sont la réduction de tension ou l’évasion. De plus, il existe des nuances pertinentes sur le plan émotionnel à la capacité d’auto-réglementer le jeu; celles-ci peuvent contribuer à la fois à la spécificité du modèle de risque et aux interventions.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyra Hamilton ◽  
Martin S Hagger

Purpose. Fruit and vegetable intake (FV) is insufficient in industrialized nations and there is excess of discretionary food choices (DC; foods high in fat, sugar, and salt). Long-haul truck drivers are considered a particularly at-risk group given the limited food choices and normatively-reinforced eating habits at truck rest-stops. Self-efficacy and normative support are key determinants of eating behavior yet the processes underlying their effects on behavior are not well understood. We tested the direct and interactive effects of self-efficacy and normative support on healthy eating behaviors in long-haul truck drivers in a prospective correlational study. Methods. Long-haul truck drivers (N = 82) completed an initial survey containing self-report measures of behavioral intentions, perceived normative support, and self-efficacy for their FV and DC behaviors. Participants completed a follow-up survey one-week later in which they self-reported their FV and DC behavior. Results. A mediated moderation analysis identified an interactive effect of self-efficacy and normative support on behavior mediated by intention for FV and DC behavior. Specifically, we confirmed a compensation effect in which self-efficacy was more likely to have an effect on FV and DC behavior through intentions in participants with low normative support. Conclusion. Results indicate the importance of self-efficacy in predicting FV and DC intentions and behavior in the absence of a supportive normative environment. The compensatory effect of self-efficacy beliefs on behavior through intentions when normative support is low should be confirmed using experimental methods.


2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sundström

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a self-report scale for assessing perceived driver competence, labeled the Self-Efficacy Scale for Driver Competence (SSDC), using item response theory analyses. Two samples of Swedish driving-license examinees (n = 795; n = 714) completed two versions of the SSDC that were parallel in content. Prior work, using classical test theory analyses, has provided support for the validity and reliability of scores from the SSDC. This study investigated the measurement precision, item hierarchy, and differential functioning for males and females of the items in the SSDC as well as how the rating scale functions. The results confirmed the previous findings; that the SSDC demonstrates sound psychometric properties. In addition, the findings showed that measurement precision could be increased by adding items that tap higher self-efficacy levels. Moreover, the rating scale can be improved by reducing the number of categories or by providing each category with a label.


2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Ringeisen ◽  
Sonja Rohrmann ◽  
Anika Bürgermeister ◽  
Ana N. Tibubos

Abstract. By means of two studies, a self-report measure to assess self-efficacy in presentation and moderation skills, the SEPM scales, was validated. In study 1, factorial and construct validity were examined. A sample of 744 university students (41% females; more than 50% between 20 and 25 years) completed newly constructed self-efficacy items. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) substantiated two positively correlated factors, presentation (SEPM-P) and moderation self-efficacy (SEPM-M). Each factor consists of eight items. The correlation patterns between the two SEPM subscales and related constructs such as extraversion, the preference for cooperative learning, and conflict management indicated adequate construct validity. In study 2, criterion validity was determined by means of latent change modeling. One hundred sixty students ( Mage = 24.40, SD = 4.04; 61% females) took part in a university course to foster key competences and completed the SEPM scales at the beginning and the end of the semester. Presentation and moderation self-efficacy increased significantly over time of which the latter was positively associated with the performance in a practical moderation exam. Across both studies, reliability of the scales was high, ranging from McDonald’s ω .80 to .88.


2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Monroe ◽  
Bryan L. Koenig ◽  
Kum Seong Wan ◽  
Tei Laine ◽  
Swati Gupta ◽  
...  

SPIEL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-145
Author(s):  
Larissa Leonhard ◽  
Anne Bartsch ◽  
Frank M. Schneider

This article presents an extended dual-process model of entertainment effects on political information processing and engagement. We suggest that entertainment consumption can either be driven by hedonic, escapist motivations that are associated with a superficial mode of information processing, or by eudaimonic, truth-seeking motivations that prompt more elaborate forms of information processing. This framework offers substantial extensions to existing dual-process models of entertainment by conceptualizing the effects of entertainment on active and reflective forms of information seeking, knowledge acquisition and political participation.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Maylis Fontaine ◽  
Valérie Le Floch ◽  
Céline Lemercier

Abstract Seniors are a population of concern due to exposure to both increasing gambling venues and powerful age-specific risk factors. There has been only limited research on this population so far, but studies conducted among younger adults suggest that the illusion of control is a key factor, leading players to develop strategies that increase their risk-taking in gambling. Time perspective (TP) is a good indicator of risky behaviours in a number of different areas, including health and the environment. In the present study, we sought to identify the age-specific cognitive mechanisms underlying gambling behaviour in normal ageing. We asked 115 emerging adults (mean age = 20.86 years), 86 young adults (mean age = 30.59), 82 middle-aged adults (mean age = 44.57) and 108 seniors (mean age = 65.19) to play an online game. We rated their illusion of control, risk-taking and TP. Analysis revealed that seniors took more risks and had less illusion of control than younger adults. The fatalistic-present TP positively influenced the illusion of control, such that perceiving the present as being determined by uncontrollable forces increased the perceived level of control. Finally, we found an influence of age on TP. These results suggest that seniors constitute a specific population in terms of gambling-related cognitions and behaviours. Including TP in risky behaviour assessments would allow the development of tailor-made preventive measures.


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