Retracted: Morphometric study of cephalo-facial indices among Bini children in southern Nigeria

This article has been retracted by the Editor.Cephalometry is an important branch of anthropometry which involves the morphological study of structures present in the human head or scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. Some of the most important cephalometric parameters include the length/height and breadth/width of the head, the face and the nose as well as their respective indices. These cephalometric parameters are vital in the description of variation which is a common phenomenon that characterizes human physiognomy. They are also useful in the description of human inter-racial and intra-racial similarities both within and across gender. This study involved 450 Bini children (235 males and 215 females) between ages 5-12 years. The length and width of the head and face of each subject was measured between the appropriate anatomical landmarks using spreading and sliding calipers. The measurements were used to calculate the cephalic and facial indices for each subject. The result showed sexual variation in both cephalic and facial indices among the Bini children with the males having higher values than the females. Also, the result of this study showed that prevalence of brachycephalic head type among both male (51.1%) and female (49.8%) Bini children. The mesoproscopic face type was the most prevalent face type among both male (62.6%) and female (47.4%) Bini children. The cephalo-facial indices are vital in demonstrating similarity and variation in physical morphologies of individuals or group of people of different ethnicity, races, gender and geographical locations.Keywords: Cephalometry, Cephalic index, facial index, Bini children, Nigeria

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Morphometric study of cephalo-facial indices among Bini children in southern Nigeria

Anatomy Journal of Africa ◽

10.4314/aja.v8i2.189031 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 1580-1585

Author(s):

D.R. Omotoso ◽

A.J. Olanrewaju ◽

U.C. Okwuonu ◽

O. Adagboyin ◽

E.O. Bienonwu

Keyword(s):

Morphological Study ◽

Human Head ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Cephalic Index ◽

Face Type ◽

The Face ◽

Geographical Locations ◽

Important Branch ◽

Head Type

Cephalometry is an important branch of anthropometry which involves the morphological study of structures present in the human head or scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. Some of the most important cephalometric parameters include the length/height and breadth/width of the head, the face and the nose as well as their respective indices. These cephalometric parameters are vital in the description of variation which is a common phenomenon that characterizes human physiognomy. They are also useful in the description of human inter-racial and intra-racial similarities both within and across gender. This study involved 450 Bini children (235 males and 215 females) between ages 5-12 years. The length and width of the head and face of each subject was measured between the appropriate anatomical landmarks using spreading and sliding calipers. The measurements were used to calculate the cephalic and facial indices for each subject. The result showed sexual variation in both cephalic and facial indices among the Bini children with the males having higher values than the females. Also, the result of this study showed that prevalence of brachycephalic head type among both male (51.1%) and female (49.8%) Bini children. The mesoproscopic face type was the most prevalent face type among both male (62.6%) and female (47.4%) Bini children. The cephalo-facial indices are vital in demonstrating similarity and variation in physical morphologies of individuals or group of people of different ethnicity, races, gender and geographical locations. Keywords: Cephalometry, Cephalic index, facial index, Bini children, Nigeria

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Cephalofacial characteristics of the Akan people in the Assin Districts in Central Region of Ghana: Anthropometric Studies

Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences ◽

10.22317/jcms.v6i2.723 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Gordon Kyei ◽

Ghazaleh Moshkdanian ◽

Parichehr Pasbakhsh ◽

Farid Abolhasani ◽

Tayebeh Rastegar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Central Region ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Group Living ◽

P Value ◽

Cephalic Index ◽

Facial Height ◽

The Face ◽

Head Type

Objective: Cephalic and facial indices are very important in the classification and identification of populations. The present study aims at determining the cephalic and facial indices among the Akan ethnic group living the Assin Districts in the Central Region of Ghana. Methods: A total of 100 (50 males and 50 females) Akan volunteer adults between the age of 20 and 58 years were recruited for the study. Cephalic Length (CL), Cephalic Width (CW), Facial Width (FW) and Total Facial Height (TFH) were measured using a Spreading caliper. Cephalic Index (CI) [(CW/CL) × 100] and Facial Index (FI) or Prosopic Index (PI) [(TFH/FW) ×100] as well statistical analysis such as z-test and Pearson Correlation were performed. The p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our results are comparable with other authors with mean (for both male and females) CI and FI of 78.6± 4.66 and 96.51 ± 12.55, respectively. There was a correlation between CW and FW as well as some other cephlaofacial parameters. There was no sexual dimorphism of both CI and FI. The predominant head type among the study populations was mesocephalic and brachycephalic while Hyperleptoprosopic was the face type. Conclusion: This study provides baseline data for the Akan people of The Assin Districts of the Central Region of Ghana, which will be valuable in cephalometric anthropometry and in forensic science.

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The Establishment of the Classical Type in Geeek Art

The Journal of Hellenic Studies ◽

10.2307/625382 ◽

1924 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 223-253

Author(s):

Charles Walston

Keyword(s):

Historical Development ◽

Human Head ◽

The Body ◽

Western World ◽

Classical Type ◽

Ordinary People ◽

The Past ◽

The Face ◽

Definition Of ◽

Modern Artists

It is hardly necessary to attempt a definition of what is meant by ‘the classical type’ in the body or in the face. Ordinary people know what they mean when they speak of a ‘classical face,’ ‘regular features,’ or ‘a perfectly made man or woman’ as regards the nude figure. Even though such people may have but a slight familiarity with Greek or Graeco-Roman statues and busts, or have never even actually perceived, themselves, the distinctive characteristics of the classical type, they have had it conveyed to them indirectly through the work of modern artists and illustrators of books or advertisements, or even in the attenuated and vulgarised renderings on chocolate boxes. No doubt we are now living in revolt and reaction against this type of beauty and normality, as in the past there have been periodic reactions against the dominance of the classic types, whether in ‘realistic’ or ‘romantic’ movements, throughout the historical development of art since the classical age. The fact, however, remains, that the standards of proportion and inter-relation between the parts of the body and between the features of the human head, as embodied in the classic type, still determine the taste of, at least, the Western world.

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METHOD OF REGISTRATION FOR 3D FACE POINT CLOUD DATA

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v75.4987 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Kufaisal Mohd Sidik ◽

Mohd Shahrizal Sunar ◽

Muhamad Najib Zamri

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Human Head ◽

Point Of View ◽

Front Face ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

3D Face ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Data Registration ◽

The Face

This paper analyzes the techniques that can be used to perform point cloud data registration for a human face. We found that there is a limitation in full scale viewing on the input data taken from 3D camera which is only represented the front face of a man as the point of view of a camera. This has caused a hole on the surface that is not filled with the point cloud data. This research is done by mapping the retrieved point cloud to the surface of the face template of the human head. By using Coherent Point Drift (CPD) algorithm which is one of the non-rigid registration techniques, the analysis has been done and it shows that the mapping of points for a three-dimensional (3D) face is not done properly where there are some surfaces work well and certain points spread into the wrong area. Consequently, it has resulted in registration failure occurrences due to the concentration of the points which is focusing on the face only.

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Cephalic Index among Nepalese Medical Students

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v7i2.20159 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 20-23

Author(s):

Bipana Manandhar

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Cephalic Index ◽

Head Shape ◽

Dominant Type ◽

Medical College ◽

Specific Parameter ◽

Measuring Scale ◽

Materials Used ◽

Head Type

Introduction: Cephalic index is race and sex specific parameter. Morphology of all living beings undergoes changes in varying degrees during their life and the features are variable in the individuals of the same species.Objective: To measure the head size of the Nepalese medical students of both sexes between 18 to 24 years of age, to determine the different head type and to explore the distribution of cephalic index by ethnicity.Materials & Method: Materials used were a Spreading caliper and a measuring scale. The method used for assessing cephalic index was Hrdlicka’s method.Result: The result showed that the majority of the medical students of Nepal Medical College had typical Brachycephalic head type.Conclusion: The dominant type of head shape revealed was brachycephalic and the least common head type as Dolicocephalic in Nepalese medical students of all the three ethnic groups namely Brahmin, Newar and Chettri.

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Growth Patterns of the Face: A Morphometric Study

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569(1992)029<0308:gpotfa>2.3.co;2 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 308-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Leslie G. Farkas ◽

Jeffrey C. Posnick ◽

Tania M. Hreczko

Keyword(s):

Growth Patterns ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

The Face

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A FAMILY OF FACE MODELS RELATED TO ZN-SYMMETRIC VERTEX MODEL OF BELAVIN

International Journal of Modern Physics A ◽

10.1142/s0217751x04020580 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 19 (supp02) ◽

pp. 478-509

Author(s):

Y. YAMADA

Keyword(s):

Baxter Equation ◽

Vertex Model ◽

Face Type ◽

The Face ◽

Elliptic Solutions ◽

Intertwining Relation

We present face-type elliptic solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation. They have 2N-2 real parameters. When specializing them to definite values, we recover the various models so far known. The intertwining relation between the face models above and the ZN-symmetric vertex model of Belavin is also given.

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Better model transfers require knowledge of mechanisms

10.31230/osf.io/5rgej ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Phil J Bouchet ◽

Town Peterson ◽

Damaris Zurell ◽

Carsten Dormann ◽

David Schoeman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

First Principles ◽

Correlation between interalar width and intercommisural width against mesiodistal width of central upper incisor in Buginese tribe

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science ◽

10.22208/jdmfs.1.1.2016.22-28 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Bahruddin Thalib ◽

Ayu Saputri

Keyword(s):

Complete Denture ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Face Shape ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Model Study ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

The Face ◽

Males And Females ◽

Selection Of

Various types of anatomical landmarks of the face should match its proportions with the size of the teeth which is the interalar width, intercomissural width, interpupillary width, Intercanthal width, and byzigomatic width. Some of face landmarks can be used as a guide in the selection of anterior teeth in complete denture, especially if the pre extraction record such as radiography image, extracted teeth, model study, the remaining teeth, face shape, and the shape of the curved jaw have been lost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between interalar width and intercommisural width against mesiodistal incisivus centralis width in a group of Buginese tribe. Ninety nine Buginese tribe subjects aged 17-25 were selected. The interalar width, intercommisural width, and mesiodistal incisor centralis teeth were measured using caliper about three times for accuracy and precision. Mean of interalar width and mesiodistal incisor centralis maxilla width in males more width than females (p<0.05), and intercommisural width in females more width than males (p>0.05). The degree of correlation between interalar width against mesiodistal incisor centralis maxilla width was 0.030, -0.246, 0,225 in Buginese tribe, males, and females (p>0.05). : The degree of correlation between intercommisural width against mesiodistal incisor centralis maxilla width in Buginese tribe was 0,054, 0,013, 0,153 in Buginese tribe, males, and females (p>0.05). The degree of correlation between interalar width and intercommisural width was 0.301 and 0.356 in Buginese tribe and males (p<0.05), and 0,281 in females (p>0.05). In conclusion, there is no significant correlation between interalar width and intercommisural width against mesiodistal incisor centralis maxilla width in a group of Buginese tribe. Interalar width and intercommisural width directly proportional to mesiodistal incisor centralis maxilla in a group of Buginese tribe. Interalar width and intercommisural width inversely proportional to mesiodistal incisor centralis maxilla in males and directly inversely in females.

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OBJECT DETECTION USING VIOLA-JONES ALGORITHM

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij28041349d ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 1349-1354

Author(s):

Dušan Stevanović

Keyword(s):

Face Detection ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Human Head ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Feedback Information ◽

Three Dimensional Objects ◽

The Face ◽

Face Detection And Recognition ◽

False Recognitions ◽

Detection And Recognition

In this paper it has been described and applied method for detecting face and face parts in images using the Viola-Jones algorithm. The work is based on Computer Vision Systems, artificial intelligence that deals with the recognition of two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. When Cascade Object Detector script is trained, multimedia content is assigned for recognition. In this work the content will be in the form of an image, where the program will have the task of recognizing the objects in the images, separating the parts of the images in the head area, and on each discovered face, separately mark the area around the eyes, nose and mouth.Algorithm for detection and recognition is based on scanning and analyzing front part of human head. Common usage of face detection and recognition can be find in biometry, photography, on autofocus option which is implemented in professional photo cameras or on smiling detectors (Keller, 2007). Marketing is also popular field where face detection and recognition can be used. For example, web cameras that are implemented in TVs, can detect every face in near area. Calculating different type of algorithms and parameters, based on sex, age, ethnicity, system can play precisely segmented television commercials and campaigns. Example of that kind of systems is OptimEyes. (Strasburger, 2013)In other words, every algorithm that has as its main goal to detect and recognize face from image, should give as a feedback information, is there any face and if answer is positive, where is its location on image. In order to achieve acceptable performances, algorithm should minimize false recognitions. These are the cases when the algorithm ignores and does not recognize the real object from the image, and vice versa, when the wrong object is recognized as real. One of the algorithms that is frequently applied in this area of research is the Viola-Jones algorithm. This algorithm is functional in real time, meaning that besides detection, it is also possible to adjust the ability to monitor faces from video material.In this paper, the problem that will be analyzed is facial image detection. Man can do this task in a very simple way, but to do the same with a computer, it is necessary to have a range of precise and accurate information, formulas, methods and techniques. In order to maximize the precision of recognizing the face of the image using the Viola-Jones algorithm, it is desirable that the objects in the images are completely face-to-face with the image-taking device, which will be shown through experiments.

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