Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities: Chemical constituents of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus citriodora and Cymbopogon giganteus inhibited lipoxygenase L-1 and cyclooxygenase of PGHS

Though many essential oils from citrus peels are claimed to have several medicinal functions, the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of Citrus flowers have not been well described. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils from C. unshiu flower (CEO) to support its purported beneficial health effects. The chemical constituents of the CEO, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), included γ-terpinene (24.7%), 2-β-pinene (16.6%), 1-methyl-2-isopropylbenzene (11.5%), L-limonene (5.7%), β-ocimene (5.6%), and α-pinene (4.7%). The effects of the CEO on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages were also examined. The results indicate that the CEO is an effective inhibitor of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, CEO was shown to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6. Based on these results, CEO may be considered a potential anti-inflammatory candidate with human health benefits.

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Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24071364 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1364 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Bahare Salehi ◽

Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria ◽

Rabin Gyawali ◽

Salam A. Ibrahim ◽

Jovana Rajkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Piper Betle ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.

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Efficacy of essential oils as jute seed protectant

Chittagong University Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13364 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 01-07

Author(s):

Jaripa Begum ◽

MN Anwar ◽

N Akhter ◽

Md Nazrul Islam Bhuiyan ◽

MN Hoque

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽

Complete Elimination ◽

Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Botryodiplodia Theobromae ◽

Ocimum Gratissimum ◽

Whole Plants

Essential oils obtained from the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora, E. camaldulensis, and whole plants of Ocimum gratissimum and O. americanum were tested for their efficiency to protect seed of jute (var.D-154) from seed-borne fungal pathogens. A total of 9 fungi were detected. Among the 9 deteced seed borne pathogenic fungi, the highest percentage of fungal occurrence was recorded with Macrophomina phaseolina (37.71%). This was followed by Botryodiplodia theobromae (30.10%) and Colletotrichum corchori (19.72%). The jute seeds dressed with the oil of Eucalyptus citriodora and Ocimum gratissimum exibited complete elimination of seed fungi, increased seed germination and reduced seedling mortality as compared to that of E. camaldulensis and O. americanum.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13364 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):01- 07, 2010

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Possible Use of Phytochemicals for Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22168912 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (16) ◽

pp. 8912

Author(s):

Sachiko Koyama ◽

Kenji Kondo ◽

Rumi Ueha ◽

Hideki Kashiwadani ◽

Thomas Heinbockel

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Training Method ◽

Chemical Senses ◽

Bioactive Properties ◽

Olfactory Sense ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The year 2020 became the year of the outbreak of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which escalated into a worldwide pandemic and continued into 2021. One of the unique symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 disease, COVID-19, is the loss of chemical senses, i.e., smell and taste. Smell training is one of the methods used in facilitating recovery of the olfactory sense, and it uses essential oils of lemon, rose, clove, and eucalyptus. These essential oils were not selected based on their chemical constituents. Although scientific studies have shown that they improve recovery, there may be better combinations for facilitating recovery. Many phytochemicals have bioactive properties with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. In this review, we describe the chemical compounds with anti- inflammatory and anti-viral effects, and we list the plants that contain these chemical compounds. We expand the review from terpenes to the less volatile flavonoids in order to propose a combination of essential oils and diets that can be used to develop a new taste training method, as there has been no taste training so far. Finally, we discuss the possible use of these in clinical settings.

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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Flower, Leaf, and Stem of Rhynchanthus beesianus

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/5562461 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Qi Chen ◽

Xiaoge Zhao ◽

Tingya Lu ◽

Yao Yang ◽

Yi Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Leaf Essential Oil ◽

Application Potential ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Main Components ◽

Factor Α

Rhynchanthus beesianus is a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant, and its essential oil has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. In this study, the chemical constituents, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of flower essential oil (F-EO), leaf essential oil (L-EO), and stem essential oil (S-EO) of R. beesianus were investigated for the first time. According to the GC-FID/MS assay, the F-EO was mainly composed of bornyl formate (21.7%), 1,8-cineole (21.6%), borneol (9.7%), methyleugenol (7.7%), β-myrcene (5.4%), limonene (4.7%), camphene (4.5%), linalool (3.4%), and α-pinene (3.1%). The predominant components of L-EO were bornyl formate (33.9%), borneol (13.2%), 1,8-cineole (12.1%), methyleugenol (8.0%), camphene (7.8%), bornyl acetate (6.2%), and α-pinene (4.3%). The main components of S-EO were borneol (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (21.3%), methyleugenol (14.6%), bornyl formate (11.6%), and bornyl acetate (3.9%). For the bioactivities, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO exhibited significant antibacterial property against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with the inhibition zones (7.28–9.69 mm), MIC (3.13–12.50 mg/mL), and MBC (6.25–12.50 mg/mL). Besides, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) (93.15–94.72%) and cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (23.99–77.81%) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (17.69–24.93%) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at the dose of 128 μg/mL in the absence of cytotoxicity. Hence, the essential oils of R. beesianus flower, leaf, and stem could be used as natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents with a high application potential in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

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Comparative efficacy of essential oils of three aromatic plants as alternatives in the control of Phytophthora spp., agent of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) black pod disease in Côte d'Ivoire

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences ◽

10.4314/ijbcs.v15i4.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 1398-1409

Author(s):

Klotioloma Coulibaly ◽

F. J.M. Koffi Kassi ◽

Adama Ouattara ◽

B. F. Gogbe-Dibi ◽

P. Walet N’guessan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Aromatic Plants ◽

Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Ocimum Gratissimum ◽

Black Pod ◽

Black Pod Disease ◽

Cocoa Tree

This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of essential oils from three aromatic plants species (Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Ocimum gratissimum) in vitro and in vivo against two Phytophthora strains (Phytophthora palmivora and P. megakarya) in a view to developing new biofongicides for the control of cocoa tree black pod disease. Essential oils were applied at four different concentrations (0.5; 1; 3 and 5 mL/L) in vitro and in vivo on leaf discs of three cocoa clones (NA32, PA150 and SCA6) whichsusceptibility is known. As results, all three essential oils significantly (p˂ 0.05) reduced in vitro mycelial growth of both Phytophthora strains and also reduced the leaf susceptibility to these strains. Inhibition rates in vitro of Phytophthora strains mycelial growth ranged from 83.80 to 100% for the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum species and from 17.7 to 100% for which of Eucalyptus citriodora species. In the biotests, the leaf susceptibility index of clone NA32 (susceptible) was reduced from 3.14 to 0.40. This correspond to reduction rates ranged from 64.87 to 86.70% of leaf susceptibility to both Phytophthora strains. Essential oils (HS and HO) from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum species were most effective than which from Eucalyptus citriodora species. However, all three essential oils revealed antifungal properties. Therefore, they could be recommended as biofungicides for a sustainable control of cocoa tree black pod disease in Côte d'Ivoire.

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