Possible Use of Phytochemicals for Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia

The year 2020 became the year of the outbreak of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which escalated into a worldwide pandemic and continued into 2021. One of the unique symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 disease, COVID-19, is the loss of chemical senses, i.e., smell and taste. Smell training is one of the methods used in facilitating recovery of the olfactory sense, and it uses essential oils of lemon, rose, clove, and eucalyptus. These essential oils were not selected based on their chemical constituents. Although scientific studies have shown that they improve recovery, there may be better combinations for facilitating recovery. Many phytochemicals have bioactive properties with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. In this review, we describe the chemical compounds with anti- inflammatory and anti-viral effects, and we list the plants that contain these chemical compounds. We expand the review from terpenes to the less volatile flavonoids in order to propose a combination of essential oils and diets that can be used to develop a new taste training method, as there has been no taste training so far. Finally, we discuss the possible use of these in clinical settings.

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Shepherd’s Purse Polyphenols Exert Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Effects Associated with Suppressing MAPK and NF-κB Pathways and Heme Oxygenase-1 Activation

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2019/7202695 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jinming Peng ◽

Tianyong Hu ◽

Jin Li ◽

Jing Du ◽

Kerui Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heme Oxygenase ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽

Mice Model ◽

Traditional Herbal Medicine ◽

Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽

Antioxidative Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.), a wild herb as a traditional herbal medicine, has been proved with multiple healthy benefits. In this study, the chemical constituents of shepherd’s purse were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential of shepherd’s purse extract (SPE) were also investigated applying lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and a carrageenan-induced mice paw edema model. Twenty-four chemical compounds were identified mainly including phenolic acids and flavonoids. The data also indicated SPE inhibited the productions of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6 stimulated with LPS. In addition, SPE inhibited the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). We further found that SPE inhibited the phosphorylation of P38 MAPK and activation of NF-κB. In vivo mice model also indicated that SPE showed strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity.

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Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammation Activity of Essential Oils from Citrus unshiu Flower

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900538 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Min-Jin Kim ◽

Kyong-Wol Yang ◽

Sang Suk Kim ◽

Suk Man Park ◽

Kyung Jin Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Though many essential oils from citrus peels are claimed to have several medicinal functions, the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of Citrus flowers have not been well described. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils from C. unshiu flower (CEO) to support its purported beneficial health effects. The chemical constituents of the CEO, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), included γ-terpinene (24.7%), 2-β-pinene (16.6%), 1-methyl-2-isopropylbenzene (11.5%), L-limonene (5.7%), β-ocimene (5.6%), and α-pinene (4.7%). The effects of the CEO on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages were also examined. The results indicate that the CEO is an effective inhibitor of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, CEO was shown to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6. Based on these results, CEO may be considered a potential anti-inflammatory candidate with human health benefits.

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Anti-termitic potential of heartwood and bark extract and chemical compounds isolated from Madhuca utilis Ridl. H. J. Lam and Neobalanocarpus heimii King P. S. Ashton

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2013-0101 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 713-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Roszaini Kadir ◽

Norazah Mohd Ali ◽

Zaini Soit ◽

Zaitihaiza Khamaruddin

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Wood Species ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Subterranean Termites ◽

Timber Species ◽

Forest Reserve ◽

Wood Extracts ◽

Coptotermes Gestroi

Abstract The effect of wood extracts as antitermitic agents has been investigated in two Malaysian timber species, namely Madhuca utilis (bitis) and Neobalanocarpus heimii (chengal). The samples taken from Perak State Forest Reserve felled trees with the age of 38 and 45 years old, respectively. The composition of the extracts were analysed by GC-MS. In the toluene/EtOH extracts of M. utilis 19 (bark) and 17 (heartwood, hW) chemical constituents have been identified in total. The dominant compounds in bark were (2Z,6E)-farnesol (44%) and thymol methyl ether (29%) and in hW terpinen-4-ol (38%) and γ-terpinene (16%). The N. heimii essential oils contained 16 chemical constituents (8 in bark and 8 in hW) with benzyl carbinol (62%) and benzyl isoamyl ether (34%) for bark and eicosane (C20) (50%) and cyclopentanone (19%) for hW. Higher concentration of extracts from bark and hW of N. heimii, and from bark of M. utilis) gave 100% mortality of 3rd instars of Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann and 99% for M. utilis hW extract. The extracts of both wood species showed promising antitermitic properties against subterranean termites.

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Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities: Chemical constituents of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus citriodora and Cymbopogon giganteus inhibited lipoxygenase L-1 and cyclooxygenase of PGHS

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia ◽

10.4314/bcse.v17i2.61681 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

G. Bedi Sahouo ◽

Z.F. Tonzibo ◽

B. Boti ◽

C. Chopard ◽

J.P. Mahy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽

Ocimum Gratissimum ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Analgesic Activities

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Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24071364 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1364 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Bahare Salehi ◽

Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria ◽

Rabin Gyawali ◽

Salam A. Ibrahim ◽

Jovana Rajkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Piper Betle ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.

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Pharmacognostic Study on Elsholtzia ciliata (Thumb.) Hyl: Anatomy, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14111152 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1152

Author(s):

Qian Zhang ◽

Niara Moura Porto ◽

Carolina Carvalho Guilhon ◽

Thais Biondino Sardella Giorno ◽

Daniela Sales Alviano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Elsholtzia Ciliata ◽

Nmr Techniques ◽

Phytochemical Profile ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Mtt Assays

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl, family Lamiaceae, is an important and popular anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, there are limited scientific studies on its anatomy and pharmacological activities. Moreover, the information of chemical constituents in relation to its non-volatile constituents are still missing. The current study aimed to evaluate the anatomic, pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Elsholtzia ciliata, providing means for the quality control of this herbal drug. The methodology designed for this study included the preparation of anatomic sections and their description, extraction, chromatography, structural elucidation of isolated compounds by NMR techniques and their quantification by HPLC using pharmacological assays (Formalin, hot plate, DPPH, antimicrobial-Gram positive, Gram Negative and fungus, and MTT assays) to confirm the activities described for this species. Results of the anatomic study are aligned with the pattern expected for plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family; Ursolic acid and Oroxylin were isolated from this plant species. The findings observed in this study indicate that Elsholtzia ciliata possess anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The chemical compounds isolated from its leaves and the anatomy profile of its parts provide the basis for further quality control for this plant.

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Chemical Constituents and Biological Activity Profiles on Pleione (Orchidaceae)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24173195 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (17) ◽

pp. 3195 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xiao-Qian Wu ◽

Wei Li ◽

Jing-Xin Chen ◽

Jun-Wen Zhai ◽

Hui-You Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Structural Analysis ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Significant Role ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Southern Asia ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Pleione (Orchidaceae) is not only famous for the ornamental value in Europe because of its special color, but also endemic in Southern Asia for its use in traditional medicine. A great deal of research about its secondary metabolites and biological activities has been done on only three of 30 species of Pleione. Up to now, 183 chemical compounds, such as phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, glucosyloxybenzyl succinate derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, etc., have been obtained from Pleione. These compounds have been demonstrated to play a significant role in anti-tumor, anti-neurodegenerative and anti-inflammatory biological activities and improve immunity. In order to further develop the drugs and utilize the plants, the chemical structural analysis and biological activities of Pleione are summarized in this review.

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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Flower, Leaf, and Stem of Rhynchanthus beesianus

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/5562461 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Qi Chen ◽

Xiaoge Zhao ◽

Tingya Lu ◽

Yao Yang ◽

Yi Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Leaf Essential Oil ◽

Application Potential ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Main Components ◽

Factor Α

Rhynchanthus beesianus is a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant, and its essential oil has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. In this study, the chemical constituents, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of flower essential oil (F-EO), leaf essential oil (L-EO), and stem essential oil (S-EO) of R. beesianus were investigated for the first time. According to the GC-FID/MS assay, the F-EO was mainly composed of bornyl formate (21.7%), 1,8-cineole (21.6%), borneol (9.7%), methyleugenol (7.7%), β-myrcene (5.4%), limonene (4.7%), camphene (4.5%), linalool (3.4%), and α-pinene (3.1%). The predominant components of L-EO were bornyl formate (33.9%), borneol (13.2%), 1,8-cineole (12.1%), methyleugenol (8.0%), camphene (7.8%), bornyl acetate (6.2%), and α-pinene (4.3%). The main components of S-EO were borneol (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (21.3%), methyleugenol (14.6%), bornyl formate (11.6%), and bornyl acetate (3.9%). For the bioactivities, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO exhibited significant antibacterial property against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with the inhibition zones (7.28–9.69 mm), MIC (3.13–12.50 mg/mL), and MBC (6.25–12.50 mg/mL). Besides, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) (93.15–94.72%) and cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (23.99–77.81%) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (17.69–24.93%) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at the dose of 128 μg/mL in the absence of cytotoxicity. Hence, the essential oils of R. beesianus flower, leaf, and stem could be used as natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents with a high application potential in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

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Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of Compounds Isolated from Distichochlamys benenica

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6624347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Ty Viet Pham ◽

Hanh Nhu Thi Hoang ◽

Hoai Thi Nguyen ◽

Hien Minh Nguyen ◽

Cong Thang Huynh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Constituents ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Coumaric Acid ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Bioactive Properties ◽

Edema Model ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Available Information

Distichochlamys benenica is a native black ginger that grows in Vietnam. In point of fact, there is limitation of available information in the literature making mention of the chemical constituents and bioactive properties of this plant. This study is aimed at isolating trans-o-coumaric acid (1), trans-cinnamic acid (2), and borneol (3) from the rhizomes of D. benenica Q.B.Nguyen & Škorničk and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of 1-3 using the carrageenan paw edema model and the dilution broth method, respectively. This revealed that 1 was as effective as diclofenac in reducing the intensity of the edema development. The in silico research showed that the activity of 1 might be derived from inhibiting COX-2 by generating h-bonds at the positions of Arg 120, Tyr 355, and Arg 513 residues. The antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) were comparable, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.52 to 3.37 mM. This is the first study of the bioactivity of compounds isolated from D. benenica Q.B.Nguyen & Škorničk. Our results suggest that 1 may be a nature-derived compound which demonstrates the anti-inflammatory properties and inhibit the proliferation of several Gram-positive bacteria.

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