Assessment of pediatrics radiation dose from routine x-ray examination at Jimma University Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis accounts for one third of global neonatal mortality. To improve access to treatment for neonatal sepsis, in 2015 the World Health Organization (WHO) released guidance for outpatient treatment (when referral is not possible or refused) of Possible Serious Bacterial Infection (PSBI).1 However, studies from low and middle-income countries suggest that bacteria causing neonatal infection differ from high-income countries, with higher rates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species and high rates of antimicrobial resistance. For this reason, local surveillance is vital to develop local antibiograms and tailor appropriate prescribing. Methods This is an analysis of the first 6 months of a prospective study of young infants admitted to Jimma University Hospital with PSBI. Young infants admitted to Jimma University Hospital with PSBI (defined by WHO danger signs: poor feeding, seizures, fever, lethargy, hypothermia, tachypnea, and increased work of breathing) are being recruited over a 12-month period. Blood cultures are obtained on admission, incubated in the BACTEC system and positive cultures evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer Disc diffusion. Primary outcomes are culture positivity, organism identification, and rates of antimicrobial resistance. Secondary outcomes include mortality rates and duration of hospital stay. The data included in this analysis were collected from March 21, 2019, through September 20, 2019. Data collection is ongoing. Results In total, 196 infants have been enrolled with a culture positivity rate of 58%. At this time, most frequently identified organisms are Klebsiella spp. (43.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.2%). Gram-negative rods represent 67.8% of the isolates and gram-positive cocci 32.2%. Less than half the isolates (44.4%) were susceptible to either first-line antibiotic (ampicillin and gentamicin). Only 17.4% of the gram-positive cocci were sensitive to oxacillin. In-hospital mortality rates for those with positive cultures approached 15% (compared with 5% for culture negative). The average hospital stay for infants with positive cultures was 13.9 days compared with 10.1 for those with negative cultures. Conclusion Klebsiella spp. are responsible for a plurality of neonatal sepsis admissions at Jimma University Hospital. The organisms responsible for neonatal sepsis in southwest Ethiopia are highly resistant to the WHO recommended first-line antibiotics. It is possible that adoption of the WHO guidelines may be inappropriate in this population, which could be better served by tailoring empiric antibiotics to the identified organisms. Reference 1. World Health Organization. Guideline: Managing possible serious bacterial infection in young infants when a referral is not feasible. (2015) Geneva, CH.

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Utilization of Simulated Grid (SimGrid™) Technology for the Reduction of Ionizing Radiation Dose on X-ray Examination in Obese Patients

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04161924 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Obese Patients ◽

X Ray

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A STUDY ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MORPHOLOGIC ANORMALIES AND LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN DILATED CARDIO-MYOPATHY

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2011.1.18 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 137-144

Author(s):

Thi Ngoc Ha Hoang ◽

Anh Vu Nguyen ◽

Minh Loi Hoang ◽

Cuu Long Nguyen ◽

Thi Thuy Hang Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽

Diastolic Dysfunction ◽

Diastolic Function ◽

Pulmonary Arteries ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

University Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

Key Words Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Purposes: Describe the morphological and diastolic function of left ventricular changes in the patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) on US, X-ray findings, and Evaluate the correlation between morphology and diastolic function of left ventricular. Materials and method: Cross sectional study from Dec 2009 to Aug 2010, on 39 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were evaluated at the University Hospital of Hue College of Medical and Pharmaceutical. Results: 1. X-ray and US findings characteristics of DCM is significantly increased in diameter of L, H and mG; LVM, LVMI, LVDd and LAD. 2. The pression of pulmonary artery has been significantly increased with redistribution pulmonary arteries in 61.5% cases and 23.1% have reversed pulmonary artery distribution. 3. DCM have diastolic dysfunction in 100% patients, including severe disorders to 61.5%; the restrictive dysfunction has ratio E/A>2 and E/Em average was 23.89± 17.23. 4.The correlation between the morphology and function in DCM: the diameter of H and L on the X-ray, LAD and ratio LA/AO on US correlated with the level of diastolic dysfunction (p< 0.05). All three radiographic parameters on the radio standard (H, L, the index Cardio/Thoracic) and LVDd on US have negative correlated with EF and FS with p <0.05. Key words: dilated cardiomyopathy, diastolic dysfunction, cardiac tissue Doppler, reversed pulmonary artery distribution

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Optimization of X-ray Investigations in Dentistry Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4554

Author(s):

Ralph-Alexandru Erdelyi ◽

Virgil-Florin Duma ◽

Cosmin Sinescu ◽

George Mihai Dobre ◽

Adrian Bradu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Image Resolution ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

X Rays ◽

High Quality ◽

X Ray

The most common imaging technique for dental diagnoses and treatment monitoring is X-ray imaging, which evolved from the first intraoral radiographs to high-quality three-dimensional (3D) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Other imaging techniques have shown potential, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). We have recently reported on the boundaries of these two types of techniques, regarding. the dental fields where each one is more appropriate or where they should be both used. The aim of the present study is to explore the unique capabilities of the OCT technique to optimize X-ray units imaging (i.e., in terms of image resolution, radiation dose, or contrast). Two types of commercially available and widely used X-ray units are considered. To adjust their parameters, a protocol is developed to employ OCT images of dental conditions that are documented on high (i.e., less than 10 μm) resolution OCT images (both B-scans/cross sections and 3D reconstructions) but are hardly identified on the 200 to 75 μm resolution panoramic or CBCT radiographs. The optimized calibration of the X-ray unit includes choosing appropriate values for the anode voltage and current intensity of the X-ray tube, as well as the patient’s positioning, in order to reach the highest possible X-rays resolution at a radiation dose that is safe for the patient. The optimization protocol is developed in vitro on OCT images of extracted teeth and is further applied in vivo for each type of dental investigation. Optimized radiographic results are compared with un-optimized previously performed radiographs. Also, we show that OCT can permit a rigorous comparison between two (types of) X-ray units. In conclusion, high-quality dental images are possible using low radiation doses if an optimized protocol, developed using OCT, is applied for each type of dental investigation. Also, there are situations when the X-ray technology has drawbacks for dental diagnosis or treatment assessment. In such situations, OCT proves capable to provide qualitative images.

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Use of magnetic resonance venography for inferior petrosal sinus sampling

The Journal of Vascular Access ◽

10.1177/1129729821997263 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 112972982199726

Author(s):

Kikutaro Tokairin ◽

Toshiya Osanai ◽

Noriyuki Fujima ◽

Kinya Ishizaka ◽

Hiroaki Motegi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Interventional Procedure ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Magnetic Resonance Venography ◽

University Hospital ◽

Inferior Petrosal Sinus ◽

Success Rates ◽

Intravenous Catheter ◽

Patient Demographics

Background: Inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) sampling (IPSS) is a transvenous interventional procedure performed to diagnose Cushing’s disease. The reported IPSS failure rate is approximately 10% because IPS catheter delivery is conducted blindly and is challenging because of IPS anatomical variations. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of preprocedural magnetic resonance venography (MRV) for assessing IPS access routes before IPSS. Methods: Nineteen consecutive patients who underwent IPSS at a single university hospital in Japan were retrospectively studied. A preprocedural MRV protocol optimized to visualize the IPS before IPSS was established and utilized in the eight most recent cases. An IPSS procedure was considered successful when bilateral IPS catheterization was accomplished. Patient demographics, IPSS success rate, and radiation dose required during IPSS were compared between two groups: MRV group ( N = 8) and no-MRV group ( N = 11) before IPSS. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex, and IPSS success rates between the groups. The average radiation dose was 663.6 ± 246.8 (SD) mGy and 981.7 ± 389.5 (SD) mGy in the MRV group and no-MRV group, respectively. Thus, there was a significant reduction in radiation exposure in the MRV group ( p = 0.044). Catheterization of the left IPS was unsuccessful in only one patient in the MRV group owing to IPS hypoplasty, as found on the MRV. Conclusions: Hypoplastic IPSs occur in patients and can complicate IPSS. Preprocedural MRV assessment is useful for understanding venous anatomy and preventing unnecessary intravenous catheter manipulation during IPSS, which involves blind manipulation around the IPS.

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Radiation dose estimation for pencil beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography imaging

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology ◽

10.3233/xst-210904 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Ignacio O. Romero ◽

Changqing Li

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Small Animal ◽

Pencil Beam ◽

Computed Tomography Imaging ◽

Step Size ◽

Imaging Protocol ◽

X Ray ◽

Beam Geometry ◽

Muscle Tissues

BACKGROUND: Pencil beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) imaging provides superior spatial resolution than other imaging geometries like sheet beam and cone beam geometries. However, the pencil beam geometry suffers from long scan times, resulting in concerns overdose which discourages the use of pencil beam XLCT. OBJECTIVE: The dose deposited in pencil beam XLCT imaging was investigated to estimate the dose from one angular projection scan with three different X-ray sources. The dose deposited in a typical small animal XLCT imaging was investigated. METHODS: A Monte Carlo simulation platform, GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) was used to estimate the dose from one angular projection scan of a mouse leg model with three different X-ray sources. Dose estimations from a six angular projection scan by three different X-ray source energies were performed in GATE on a mouse trunk model composed of muscle, spine bone, and a tumor. RESULTS: With the Sigray source, the bone marrow of mouse leg was estimated to have a radiation dose of 44 mGy for a typical XLCT imaging with six angular projections, a scan step size of 100 micrometers, and 106 X-ray photons per linear scan. With the Sigray X-ray source and the typical XLCT scanning parameters, we estimated the dose of spine bone, muscle tissues, and tumor structures of the mouse trunk were 38.49 mGy, 15.07 mGy, and 16.87 mGy, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that an X-ray benchtop source (like the X-ray source from Sigray Inc.) with high brilliance and quasi-monochromatic properties can reduce dose concerns with the pencil beam geometry. Findings of this work can be applicable to other imaging modalities like X-ray fluorescence computed tomography if the imaging protocol consists of the pencil beam geometry.

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Encapsulated protamine-hyaluronic acid particles for targeting carboplatin directed by radiation

International Journal of PIXE ◽

10.1142/s0129083518500043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (01n02) ◽

pp. 37-42

Author(s):

T. Segawa ◽

S. Harada ◽

S. Ehara ◽

K. Ishii ◽

T. Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Standard Error ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Clinical Cancer

Encapsulated protamine-hyaluronic acid particles containing carboplatin were prepared and their ability to release carboplatin was tested in vivo. Protamine–hyaluronic acid particles containing carboplatin were prepared by mixing protamine (1.6 mg) and hyaluronic acid (1.28 mg) into a 5 mg/mL carboplatin solution for 30 min at room temperature. A 1 mL solution of protamine–hyaluronic acid particles was poured into an ampule of COATSOME[Formula: see text] EL-010 (Nichiyu, Tokyo, Japan), shaken three times by hand, and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 15 min. Following that, 10 or 20 Gy of 100 kiloelectronvolt (KeV) soft X-ray was applied. The release of carboplatin was imaged using a microparticle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) camera. The amount of carboplatin released was expressed as the amount of platinum released and measured via quantitative micro-PIXE analysis. The diameter of the generated encapsulated particles measured [Formula: see text] nm (mean ± standard error). The release of carboplatin from the encapsulated protamine–hyaluronic acid particles was observed under a micro-PIXE camera. The amount of carboplatin released was [Formula: see text] under 10 Gy of radiation, and [Formula: see text] under 20 Gy of radiation, which was a sufficient dose for cancer treatment. However, 10 or 20 Gy of radiation is much greater than the dose used for clinical cancer treatment (2 Gy). Further research to reduce the radiation dose to 2 Gy in order to release sufficient carboplatin for cancer treatment is required.

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