scholarly journals How Far Does Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment Reduce TB Incidence among Children? A Marginal Structural Modeling Analysis, Southwest Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firew Tiruneh ◽  
Yared Deyas
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Structural Modeling ◽  
Marginal Structural Model ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Marginal Structural Modeling

BACKGROUND: Children younger than 15 years, carry almost 80% of the global burden of HIV/AIDS. HIV worsens the progression of latent TB to active TB disease. Although antiretroviral treatment has shown marked reduction in Tuberculosis incidence, TB continues to occur in Sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of HAART on the incidence of tuberculosis among children infected with HIV in Southwest Ethiopia.METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2009 to 2014. We used chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test to compare non-HAART and HAART cohort. We estimated the effect of HAART on TB incidence using marginal structural model after adjusting for time dependent confounders affected by exposure.RESULT: A total of 844 children were followed. We observed them for a median of 51 months (IQR 31) and a total of 2942.99 child-years. The overall TB incidence rate was 7.917 per 100 child years (95% CI, 6.933-9.002). TB incidence for specific HAART and non-HAART cohort were 7.67 per 100 child-years (95% CI, 6.318-9.217) and 8.17 per 100 child-years (95% CI, 6.772-9.767) respectively. From marginal structural modeling, children on HAART were 36% (HR=0.642, 95% CI 0.442-0.931, p<0.02) less likely to develop TB compared to those who were not.CONCLUSION: HAART reduced the hazard of TB in HIVinfected children by 36%. This is by far less than what is expected.  

scholarly journals Effect of highly active anti-retroviral treatment on TB incidence among HIV infected children and their clinical profile, retrospective Cohort study, South West Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firew Tiruneh Tiyare ◽  
Yared Deyas Deyas
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Marginal Structural Model ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Children younger than 15 years, carries almost 80% of the global burden of HIV/ AIDS. Nearly, 50% of cases of tuberculosis are attributed to HIV infection. HIV worsen the progression of latent TB to active TB disease. Despite antiretroviral treatment has shown marked reduction in Tuberculosis incidence , TB continues to occur in Sub Saharan country including Ethiopia. The effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment is quite successful in developed country while in developing country TB/HIV co-infection remains perplexing among children on the treatment. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of ART on the incidence of tuberculosis among Children infected with HIV in southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on randomly selected 800 samples from ART clinic; between 2009 to 2014. We used chi-square test, and Mann-WhitneyU test to compare HAART naïve and HAART cohort. We used marginal structural models to estimate the effect of HAART on survival while accounting for time-dependent confounders affected by exposure. Result: A total of 844 children were followed for 2942.99 child-years. The children were observed for a median of 51 months with IQR 31 and for a total of 2942.99 child-years. From 506 OIs that occurred, the most common reported OIs were Pneumonia (22%) and TB (23.6 %). The overall TB incidence rate was 7.917 per 100 child years (95% CI, 6.933-9.002). Whereas among HAART (7.667 per 100 -years (95% CI, 6.318-9.217) and 8.1686 per 100 person-years (95% CI 6.772-9.767) for HAART naïve. The mortality hazard ratio comparing HAART with no HAART from a marginal structural model was 0.642 (95% CI 0.442-0.931, p<0.02) Conclusions: HAART reduced the hazard of TB in HIV-infected children by 36%. This is by far less than expected. Key Words- TB incidence, HAART, Clinical Profile ted children by 36%. This is by far less than expected. Key Words- TB incidence, HAART, Clinical Profile

scholarly journals Effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment on TB incidence among HIV infected children and their clinical profile, retrospective cohort study, South West Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firew Tiruneh ◽  
Yared Deyas
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGlobally, 1.8 million HIV infected children live with HIV; nearly 53% of them were receiving HIV treatment. People who are infected with HIV are 18 times more likely to develop active TB. Despite antiretroviral treatment has shown marked reduction in TB incidence, TB continues to occur in Sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia among HIV infected people. The effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment is quite successful in developed countries. However, in developing country TB/HIV co-infection remains perplexing among children on the treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ART on the incidence of TB among Children infected with HIV in Southwest Ethiopia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on randomly selected 800 samples from ART clinic between 2009 and 2014. We used chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney U test to compare HAART naïve and HAART cohort. We used marginal structural models to estimate the effect of HAART on survival while accounting for time-dependent confounders affected by exposure. A total of 800 children were followed for 2942.99 child-years. The children were observed for a median of 51 months with IQR 31 and for a total of 2942.99 child-years. From 506 OIs that occurred, the most common reported OIs were Pneumonia (22%) and TB (23.6%). The overall TB incidence rate was 7.917 per 100 child years (95% CI, 6.933–9.002). Whereas among HAART (7.667 per 100-years (95% CI, 6.318–9.217) and 8.1686 per 100 person-years (95% CI 6.772–9.767) for HAART naïve. The mortality hazard ratio comparing HAART with no HAART from a marginal structural model was 0.642 (95% CI 0.442–0.931, p < 0.02). HAART reduced the hazard of TB in HIV-infected children by 36%. This is by far less than expected.

Structural Modeling of Institute of Entrepreneurship in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Svetlana L. Sazanova
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Structural Modeling ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Pattern Modeling ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the modern global economy; the share of products of small and medium enterprises in the gross product and exports not only of the developed but also of developing countries is growing. Innovation processes cover all sectors of the economy, and more and more people are involved in entrepreneurial activity, which contributes to the penetration of entrepreneurial thinking and business values in all areas of the socioeconomic life of society. The Institute of Entrepreneurship plays an increasingly prominent role in the institutional environment of socio-economic systems. This actualizes the problem of studying the relationship of the institution of entrepreneurship with the institutions of law, culture, management. This requires a methodology that allows you to explore the impact on the institute of entrepreneurship not only economic, but also non-economic factors. The methodology of the “old” institutionalism possesses such a tool, it is structural modeling (pattern modeling), which allows to explore the diversity of interrelationships of the institution of entrepreneurship with other components of the institutional and economic environment. The article explored the features of the development of the institution of entrepreneurship in Russia, established the relationship between the institution of entrepreneurship, values, motives and incentives for entrepreneurial activity, built a structural model of the institution of entrepreneurship based on the methodology of the old institutionalism (pattern modeling). The structural model of the institution of entrepreneurship reveals the relationship between the institution of entrepreneurship, the values of entrepreneurial activity, its motives and incentives; as well as the relationship between the institution of entrepreneurship with the institutions of governance, cultural and religious institutions, legal institutions and society.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 related national lockdown on ophthalmic emergency in Italy: A multicenter study

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110280
Author(s):  
Maria L Salvetat ◽  
Carlo Salati ◽  
Patrizia Busatto ◽  
Marco Zeppieri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Electronic Records ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Efficient Access ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Unpaired Student ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wet Amd

Purpose: To assess ocular pathologies admitted to Italian Emergency Eye Departments (EEDs) during the COVID-19 pandemic national lockdown in 2020 in comparison with the same period in 2019. Methods: Electronic records of all patients presenting at EEDs of two tertiary-care Eye Centers during the COVID-19 national lockdown in Italy (March 10–May 3, 2020) were compared with the equivalent period in 2019. Main outcomes were patient age, gender, and diagnoses. Statistical analysis included unpaired Student t-tests, Poisson regression, and chi-square test. Results: Overall EED visits significantly decreased by 54.1% during the 2020 lockdown compared to 2019 (851 vs 1854, p < 0.001). During lockdown, patients showed comparable mean age (52.8 years in 2020 vs 53.3 years in 2019, p = 0.52) and significant male gender bias (61.1% in 2020 vs 55.8% in 2019, p < 0.0001). The most frequent pathologies were eye inflammations, trauma-related incidents, and spontaneous acute vitreous detachment. Patients with inflammation, headache/hemicrania, and spontaneous subconjunctival hemorrhages were significantly less, whereas those with trauma-related diagnoses were significantly higher during the lockdown as compared with 2019 ( p < 0.05). The proportion of non-urgent visits decreased from 17% in 2019 to 8% in 2020 ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: During the 2020 lockdown, there was a significant reduction of accesses to EED, especially for non-urgent pathologies. Potentially visual function threatening conditions, such as trauma-related pathologies, retinal detachment or ruptures, and wet AMD, showed lower number of cases but higher or stable proportion relative to the total caseload, suggesting a correct and efficient access to ophthalmic health care during the pandemic period.

Researchers’ awareness about plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection tools – does awareness effect the actions towards preventing plagiarism?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sk. Mamun Mostofa ◽  
Mashiat Tabassum ◽  
S.M. Zabed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Plagiarism Detection ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Chi Square Test

Purpose This paper aims to analyse researchers’ awareness about plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection tools on the actions that they take to prevent plagiarism. It also employs a structural model that examines whether awareness of plagiarism and anti-plagiarism tools have any significant effect on the actions taken by the researchers to avoid plagiarism. Design/methodology/approach A survey questionnaire was distributed to researchers at a large public university in Bangladesh. The survey accumulated 184 valid responses. Descriptive statistics were obtained to assess researchers’ awareness about plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection tools and the actions taken by them. The reasons that may cause plagiarism were also identified. The awareness of the availability of the anti-plagiarism software that was being used by the university and its actual use by the researchers was gathered through the survey. Non-parametric Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted to investigate the differences in awareness levels and actions in terms of gender, age, discipline and current level of research. The chi-square test was carried out to examine the relationship between awareness about the availability of the anti-plagiarism software and its use by the researchers. Finally, the survey data were analysed using structural equation modeling to examine the effects of awareness of plagiarism and anti-plagiarism software on the actions taken by the researchers. Findings The study revealed that the level of awareness regarding plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection software is generally high among the researchers. There are some significant differences between researchers’ demographic and personal characteristics and their awareness levels and actions with regard to plagiarism. The findings indicate that almost three-quarters of the researchers were aware about the anti-plagiarism tool that is being used, whereas more than half of the researchers indicated that they used the software to assess their works. The results of the structural equation model do not show a good fit, although there is strong statistical evidence that awareness about plagiarism and anti-plagiarism software has significantly impacted researchers’ actions towards preventing plagiarism. Originality/value There is no reported study on researchers’ awareness of plagiarism and its affiliated issues in Bangladesh. The findings of this study will not only provide useful insights regarding awareness about plagiarism but also assist university authorities to formulate relevant policy and take necessary actions against plagiarism in higher education institutions.

Relationship between new farming practices and chemical use and the consumption of giant cricket (Brachytrupes membranaceus Drury, 1770)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.O. Miantsia ◽  
F. Meutchieye ◽  
S. Niassy
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pesticides Residues ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dependence Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Persistent Pesticides

The current work is aimed at generating information on giant crickets and the impact of commonly used pesticides on the natural population of these crickets. Data was collected based on interviews and complemented with field observations. Out of 319 respondents surveyed, 290 were aware of the use of the giant cricket as a food source, and 161 were active consumers. Regarding the availability of the giant cricket, respondents reported that the crickets’ populations were diminishing because of farming practices. About 219 persons reported that commonly used herbicides harm giant crickets at different stages. This could be attributed to the scarcity of this species, as mentioned by 233 respondents. The results showed that 130 respondents were engaged in gathering giant crickets for consumption. This insect gathering is related to soil tilling. Chi-square test showed a significant dependence relationship between herbicides use and cricket scarcity. Although less than a majority (129) of respondents are making regular use of persistent pesticides (herbicides), it has been observed that intensive use of pesticides could become a popular practice in smallholder farming categories. This paper thus suggests the need for training and surveillance concerning the trade of pesticides in the region and proposes further investigations into pesticides residues or traces in collected giant crickets consumed in the study site and in all areas with similar conditions.

scholarly journals COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND ADULT MOTHERS TREATED IN A PUBLIC HOSPITAL, THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA: A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Siti Khuzaimah Ahmad Sharoni ◽  
Alieu Sekou Konneh
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Pregnancy Complications ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Retrospective Comparative Study

Complications of pregnancy remain a serious threat in Sub-Saharan Africa despite efforts to minimise maternal mortality due to pregnancy complications, and achieve the Millennium Development Goal 5. This is a retrospective study to determine the most common pregnancy complications among adolescents compared to adults treated in a public hospital from 2015 to 2018. The researcher applied a convenience sampling method in selecting the medical records. The instrument used was adapted from previous studies and data were analysed with descriptive and chi-square test for the inferential statistics. A total of 1,265 patients met the eligibility criteria and 540 (42.7%) were adolescents. Low birth weight (n=478, 88.5%) and preterm delivery (n=496, 91.9%) were common among babies born to adolescent mothers. Pregnancy-related complications among adolescent mothers showing the prevalence of anaemia, hypertension, and malaria were 494 (84.9%), 149 (56.2%) and 193 (62.1%) respectively. Gestational diabetes was found to be high among adult mothers (n=98, 74.8%). Among adolescent mothers, the prevalence of eclampsia was 62 (78.5%) and hemorrhage 61 (53.0%). The prevalence of Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was high among adolescent mothers (n=252, 80.5%). Comprehensive strategies are needed to keep girls in schools and to raise awareness and develop campaigns about using contraception properly to reduce the incidence of adolescent pregnancy as well as to minimise the incidence of pregnancy-related complications.

scholarly journals A Study on the impact of Coping Strategies over Stress Management – An Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 5566-5573
Author(s):  
Ch.Narahari Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Stress Management ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Impact

In the present study we analyze the employees’ perception towards coping measures adopted byfirms in software industry. The considered coping constructs adopted for the study in stress abatement areVenting of Emotions,Problem Focused, Seeking Information and emotional support, Positive Emotion-Focused, were, employee perception was acquired by a systematic survey.A total sample of 800 employees’perceptions have been collected through simple random technique and out of which survey respondents, irregular responses are eliminated finally 756 samples are determined for statistical analysis. Chi-square test was performed to determine the association between perceptions and model constructs. Results are reported and discussions are made as per the results and in correlation between results of previous literature.Finally, suggestions and future indication for extension of the study are proposed.

scholarly journals The Impact of Watching Television Sports Channels in Promotion of Sports Activities among the Students of University of Sargodha

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
Sajjad Ali ◽  
Muhammad Saqib Ilmas ◽  
Shajee Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Uses And Gratification ◽  
Uses And Gratification Theory ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sports Activities

This study analyzes the impact of watching television sports channels on the promotion of sports activities among the students of the University of Sargodha. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of sports channels on students. Previous researches are used to set up the concepts of the present study. In this research, a survey technique is used to collect the data. The population of the study consists of male and female students of the University of Sargodha. In this research, the Stratified and Purposive sampling technique is used, through which specification characteristics of the respondent's demographics. The study explores the impact of sports channels in the view of Uses and Gratification Theory. The data for this study is collected through the use of a well-designed questionnaire. Chi-square test and other statistical tests like ANOVA and t-Test are applied to test the hypothesis. The finding shows that more the exposure to TV sports channels more the information level of students of the University of Sargodha.

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