scholarly journals Endogenous levels of reducing sugars, free amino acids and phenols during various stages of in vitro culture of cotton (Gossypium Spp.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
OO Obembe ◽  
T Khan ◽  
JO Popoola ◽  
AK Singh ◽  
RC Pant
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Gossypium Spp

scholarly journals Amino acid regulation of synthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein in the liver of rats

1971 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Wannemacher ◽  
C. F. Wannemacher ◽  
M. B. Yatvin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Cellular Protein Content ◽  
Regulate Protein

Weanling (23-day-old) rats were fed on either a low-protein diet (6% casein) or a diet containing an adequate amount of protein (18% casein) for 28 days. Hepatic cells from animals fed on the deficient diet were characterized by markedly lower concentrations of protein and RNA in all cellular fractions as compared with cells from control rats. The bound rRNA fraction was decreased to the greatest degree, whereas the free ribosomal concentrations were only slightly less than in control animals. A good correlation was observed between the rate of hepatic protein synthesis in vivo and the cellular protein content of the liver. Rates of protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro were directly correlated with the hepatic concentration of individual free amino acids that are essential for protein synthesis. The decreased protein-synthetic ability of the ribosomes from the liver of protein-deprived rats was related to a decrease in the number of active ribosomes and heavy polyribosomes. The lower ribosomal content of the hepatocytes was correlated with the decreased concentration of essential free amino acids. In the protein-deprived rats, the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized cytoplasmic rRNA was markedly decreased compared with control animals. From these results it was concluded that amino acids regulate protein synthesis (1) by affecting the number of ribosomes that actively synthesize protein and (2) by inhibiting the rate of synthesis of new ribosomes. Both of these processes may involve the synthesis of proteins with a rapid rate of turnover.

Correlation between osmoregulation and cell volume regulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (4) ◽  
pp. R768-R773
Author(s):  
M. A. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation

The euryhaline crab, Callinectes sapidus, behaves both as an osmoregulator when equilibrated in salines in the range of 800 mosM and below and an osmoconformer when equilibrated in salines above 800 mosM. There exists a close correlation between osmoregulation seen in the whole animal in vivo and cell volume regulation studied in vitro. Hyperregulation of the hemolymph osmotic pressure and cell volume regulation both occurred in salines at approximately 800 mosM and below. During long-term equilibration of the crabs to a wide range of saline environments, the total concentration of hemolymph amino acids plus taurine remained below 3 mM. During the first 6 h after an acute osmotic stress to the whole animal, the hemolymph osmotic pressure and Na activity gradually decreased, whereas the free amino acids remained below 3 mM. As the hemolymph osmotic pressure decreased below approximately 850 mosM, the amino acid level began to increase to 17-25 mM. This change was primarily due to increases in glycine, proline, taurine, and alanine. The likely source of the increase in hemolymph free amino acids in vivo is the free amino acid loss from muscle cells observed during cell volume regulation in vitro.

scholarly journals Quantification of Phytochemicals from CommercialSpirulinaProducts and Their Antioxidant Activities

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi ◽  
Mariadhas Valan Arasu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Essential Amino Acids

The present study aimed to profile the polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, free amino acids, and polyphenols in 37 varieties ofSpirulinacommonly available in the market using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the biological potentials of theSpirulinasamples were evaluated by analysing thein vitroantioxidant activities using various analytical techniques. The analyses revealed the presence of 13 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 18 amino acids, 7 sugars, and polyphenols. The polyunsaturated fatty acids contents were varied betweenSpirulinasamples. The total polyunsaturated fatty acids amount was 4.25 mg/100 g, and the average among of sapienic acid detected was 2.25 mg/100 g, which was followed by linoleic acid (16.7%) andγ-linolenic acid (14%). Among the 7 sugars, the hexose levels were the highest (73.85%). The total amino acids contents ranged from 11.49 to 56.14 mg/100 g, and the individual essential amino acids accounted for 17% to 39.18%. The “natural” tablets exhibited the highest polyphenols levels (24 mg/g). All of theSpirulinasamples expressed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, free amino acids, and polyphenols contents varied widely, and the variations in these compounds between theSpirulinasamples were significant.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Potential of Flower Extracts from Centaurea spp. Depends on Their Content of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Free Amino Acids

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7465
Author(s):  
Piotr Salachna ◽  
Anna Pietrak ◽  
Łukasz Łopusiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Important Health

Scientists intensely search for new sources of antioxidants, perceived as important health-promoting agents. Some species of the large genus Centaurea provide raw materials for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as produce edible flowers. This is the first study that determines the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, reducing sugars, free amino acids and the antioxidant potential in the flower extracts of C. nigra L., C. orientalis L. and C. phrygia L. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content is the highest in the extract of C. orientalis, and the lowest in that of C. phrygia. Similarly, C. orientalis shows the greatest scavenging activity on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS [2,2′-azobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)] and Fe3+ reducing power assays, whereas the lowest activity is found for C. phrygia. The highest content of reducing sugars is found in C. nigra, while C. orientalis has the highest levels of free amino acids. We find a strong positive correlation between total phenolics and flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of all three Centaurea species. Moreover, the content of free amino acids strongly and positively correlates with the levels of total phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays and Fe3+ reducing power. Summing up, C. orientalis exhibits the strongest antioxidant potential of the investigated Centaurea species. This species could potentially be a natural source of antioxidant substances for the pharmacy, cosmetics and food industries. The content of free amino acids may be used as a marker of the antioxidant status of Centaurea species.

scholarly journals Onion Extract Application Effects on Flowering Behavior and Yield, and a few Chemical Constituents of Shoots throughout Dormancy Break in "Anna" Apple Trees

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
M.A. Seif El-Yazal ◽  
Samir A. Seif El-Yazal ◽  
Mohamed E. Morsi ◽  
Mostafa M. Rady
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Onion Extract ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Free Amino Acids

Metabolic changes in water content, total carbohydrates, total sugars, reducing sugars, anthocyanin, total free amino acids, proline and total indoles in shoots of "Anna" apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees were investigated during dormancy and bud break under the effect of foliar application of four onion extract rates (5, 10, 15 and 20%). Flowering percentage and fruit yield characteristics (i.e., fruit-set, number of fruits tree-1 and fruit yield tree-1) were increased, while number of days recorded to reach full bloom were reduced with the application of both onion extract rates (15 or 20%). In addition, contents of total carbohydrates, total sugars, reducing sugars, anthocyanin, total free amino acids, proline and total indoles in shoots were significantly increased in floral buds, particularly during bud break. In contrast, the content of free phenols was reduced. The best results were obtained from the rate of onion extract at the level of 20% followed by 15% that could be recommended for early and high percentage of flowering and increased yield by regulating the metabolism of amino acids, including proline and indoles in apple floral buds.

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