Assessing the level of heavy metals concentration in soil around transformer at Akoko community of OndoState, Nigeria

Some heavy metals have bio-importance as trace elements but the bio-toxic effects of many of them in human biochemistry are of great concern. The level of heavy metals concentrations of transformer oil polluted soil was assessed in Akungba Akoko community of Ondo State, Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentration of heavy metals investigated ranges from: Cu (1400-18)mg/kg, Fe (96700- 15500)mg/kg, Cd (2- 0.5)mg/kg, Mn (62-29)kg/mg, Ni(5-1)mg/kg, Al(27-11)mg/kg, Zn(1400- 44)mg/kg, Pd (68-20)mg/kg and Ca (570- 135)mg/kg. From the study, it was observed that some transformer sites had more concentration of heavy metals than others, as a result of the heavy metals content of the transformer soil released to the surrounding soil, while in some samples of these heavy metals were absent or are below detection limit. Comparing the results with the World Health Organisation (W.H.O) maximum allowable limit in soil with results of the results of different samples collected, majority of the results were found to fall below W.H.O limit which implies that those sites are still contamination free with respect to the specific heavy metal and caution needs to be taken urgently to avoid potential contamination. Meanwhile, heavy metal concentration at some sites have gone beyond the W.H.O maximum allowable limit, calling for immediate remediation of the site.

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Applications of Bentonite to Soil Decontamination

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.7.6397 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 1695-1698

Author(s):

Marin Rusanescu ◽

Carmen Otilia Rusanescu ◽

Gheorghe Voicu ◽

Mihaela Begea

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Heavy Metal Concentration ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Soil Decontamination ◽

Metal Retention ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals

A calcium bentonite from Orasu Nou deposit (Satu Mare Romania) was used as raw material. We have conducted laboratory experiments to determine the influence of bentonite on the degree of heavy metal retention. It has been observed that the rate of retention increases as the heavy metal concentration decreases. Experimental studies have been carried out on metal retention ( Zn) in bentonite. In this paper, we realized laboratory experiments for determining the influence of metal (Zn) on the growth and development of two types of plants (Pelargonium domesticum and Kalanchoe) and the effect of bentonite on the absorption of pollutants. These flowers were planted in unpolluted soil, in heavy metal polluted soil and in heavy metal polluted soil to which bentonite was added to observe the positive effect of bentonite. It has been noticed that the flowers planted in unpolluted soil and polluted with heavy metals to which bentonite has been added, the flowers have flourished, the leaves are still green and the plants whose soils have been polluted with heavy metals began to dry after 6 days, three weeks have yellowish leaves and flowers have dried. Experiments have demonstrated the essential role of bentonite for the removal of heavy metals polluted soil.

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Remediation of Pb and Cd Polluted Soils with Fulvic Acid

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12111608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1608

Author(s):

Aslihan Esringü ◽

Metin Turan ◽

Asli Cangönül

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Fulvic Acid ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Green Technology ◽

Zinnia Elegans ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Polluted Soils ◽

The World

Heavy metal pollution is among the important environmental problems in the world. Many techniques have already been used to remove the heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Among them, the phytoremediation method is an environmentally friendly and green technology. This study was carried out to determine the efficiency of fulvic acid (FA) application in removing Pb and Cd from polluted soil using Tagetes eracta L. and Zinnia elegans Jacq. ornamental plants. The results indicated that, FA application, number of flower per plants, and plant fresh weight of Tagetes eracta plants and Zinnia elegans plants increased 187.5%, 104.5% and 155.5%, 57.7%, respectively with application of 7000 mg L−1 FA at 100 mg kg−1 Pb pollution condition, whereas 42.85%, 16.5%, and 44.4–36.1% with application of 7000 mg L−1 FA at 30 mg kg±1 Cd pollution condition, respectively. With the FA application in the Zinnia elegans plant, the root part has accumulated 51.53% more Pb than the shoot part. For Cd, the shoot part accumulated 35.33% more Cd than the root. The effect of FA application on superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and, catalase (CAT) of the Tagetes eracta were decreased as 32.7%, 33.1%, and 35.1% for Pb, 21.2%, 25.1%, and 26,1%, for Cd, and 15.1%, 22.7%, and 37.7% for Pb, and 7.55%, 18.0%, and 18.8% for Cd were in Zinnia elegans respectively. In conclusion, Tagetes eracta and Zinnia elegans can not be recommended for remediation of Pb and Cd polluted area, but FA can be recommended for Pb and Cd stabilization in polluted soil.

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Heavy metal accumulation in tomato and cabbage grown in some industrially contaminated soils of Bangladesh

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v17i3.43198 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 288-294

Author(s):

Md Akhter Hossain Chowdhury ◽

Tanzin Chowdhury ◽

Md Arifur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Metal Accumulation ◽

Living System ◽

Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽

World Health ◽

Agricultural Field ◽

Allowable Limit ◽

Metal Contents

Heavy metal accumulation in environmental compartments is a potential risk to the living system because of their uptake by plants and subsequent introduction into the food chain. A study was carried out to investigate the heavy metal contents in industrially contaminated soils collected from six different locations of Dhaka and Mymensingh districts and their effects on two important vegetables namely tomato and cabbage. Pot experiment was conducted using contaminated soils at the net house of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The higher level of heavy metal contents was found in the soil samples of Hajaribag and Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ). The highest Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu and Fe contents were 59.45, 18.79, 67.57, 40.81 and 1619.61 µg g−1 which were much above the recommended level except Cu contents. The highest yield of vegetables was obtained grown in Maskanda soil of Mymensingh district and the lowest from DEPZ soil of Dhaka. The highest Ni, Cr and Fe contents were 8.91, 7.22, 419.65 µg g−1, respectively in tomato fruits grown in the soil of Hajaribag whereas the highest Cu content (3.38 µg g−1) was obtained from Seedstore soil, Mymensingh and highest Cd content (2.88 µg g−1) was from Mitford ghat soil, Dhaka. In cabbage, the highest Ni (17.52 µg g−1) and Fe (411.25 µg g−1) contents were found in the soils of DEPZ whereas the highest Cr (9.17 µg g−1), Cd (3.52 µg g−1) and Cu (8.51 µg g−1) were obtained in the plants grown in the soils of Hajaribag, Mitford ghat and Maskanda, respectively. Concentrations of all the tested heavy metals except Cu in both vegetables were above the maximum allowable limit prescribed by the World Health Organization. Among the metals, the accumulation of Ni was found as higher amount (0.39 and 0.71 for tomato and cabbage, respectively) based on plant concentration factor or transfer factor. The results showed a positive correlation between concentration of the metals present in soils and in vegetables and the highest correlation was found with Cr in tomato and Fe in cabbage. However, both the soils and grown vegetables were consistently observed to pose a risk to human health. So, it can be recommended that government should take necessary action so that heavy metals used in the industries cannot come into the nearby agricultural field to ensure food safety as well as food security. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 288–294, 2019

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Effects of Effluents on the Quality of River Rido, Kaduna- State, Nigeria

Ghana Journal of Geography ◽

10.4314/gjg.v12i1.9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 159-170

Author(s):

Louis Buggu ◽

Funmilayo Yusufu - Alfa ◽

Abigail Abenu

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Dry Season ◽

World Health ◽

Wet Season ◽

Mean Values ◽

The World ◽

Effluent Discharge

This study examines the effect of discharged effluents on the quality of river Rido in Kaduna. Ten water samples were collected and tested for Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn). The results revealed that in the dry season, six heavy metals, namely As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn, presented mean values that were higher after the point of effluent discharge; while Cr, Fe and Pb had lower values and Hg was not detected. In the wet season all the heavy metals tested, except Hg, increased in values after the point of effluent discharge. The values of As, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb after the discharge point, in dry and wet seasons, were greater than the maximum tolerable limits set by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). The values recorded for Zn and Cu at both dry and wet seasons were below the limit set by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), but the value of Cr was lower than the maximum tolerable limit only in the dry season. The contamination of the river with heavy metals poses a grave danger to human health, as its water is used for diverse purposes. The wastewater treatment plant of KRPC should be rehabilitated and the wastewater can be pre-treated before it is discharged into the river.

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Biodegradation of Pollutants in Waste Water from Pharmaceutical, Textile and Local Dye Effluent in Lagos, Nigeria

Journal of Health and Pollution ◽

10.5696/2156-9614-6.12.34 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 34-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Idowu A. Aneyo ◽

Funmilayo V. Doherty ◽

Olumide A. Adebesin ◽

Mariam O. Hammed

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Low Cost ◽

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Industrial Effluents ◽

World Health ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

The World

Background. Discharged effluents from industry have been responsible for the deterioration of the aquatic environment in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Increasing industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the discharge of large amounts of waste into the environment, resulting in high pollution loads. Utilization of microbes such as fungi and bacteria have been used for pollution degradation. Objectives. The aim of this research was to utilize microbial agents such as fungi and bacteria to reduce pollutant loads such as heavy metals in effluent samples. Methods. Three types of effluent (pharmaceutical, textile effluent, and dye) were obtained from Surulere in Lagos Metropolitan Area, Nigeria. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using a flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer according to standard methods. Samples were cultured for microbes and identified. Bacteria samples were inoculated on nutrient agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Fungi counts were carried out using potato dextrose agar and incubated at 28°C for 3–5 days. The isolated organisms were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Then 100 mL of the effluents was dispensed into 250 mL flasks, and the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.2 by the addition of either sodium hydroxide or hydrogen chloride and autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes. The autoclaved flask was inoculated with 1 mL of bacteria and fungi for 21 days and pH was recorded properly every 48 hours. Results. The results of the physicochemical parameters indicated that conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand for all the three industrial effluents were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. Heavy metal analysis results show that the effluents had high values for cadmium, above the WHO limit of 0.003 mg/L. Concentrations of zinc ranged from 0.136–1.690 mg/L, and nickel ranged between 0.004–0.037mg/L for the three effluents, within the WHO limit. The identified bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus cereus and isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum. All the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were reduced after the biodegradation study in the effluents. Conclusions. The responses observed in the various microbes indicated that the use of microbes for the reduction of environmental pollutants has an advantage over the use of other methods because it is environmentally friendly, low cost, and no new chemicals are introduced into the environment. This method should be encouraged for pollution reduction to bring about ecosystem sustainability advocated for Ghana.

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Assessment of heavy metals concentration in the intestine, kidney and muscle of Oreochromis niloticus in Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta reservoir

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v40i1.699 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 191-196

Author(s):

F. I. Adeosun ◽

A. A. Akinyemi ◽

W. O. Abdul ◽

A. O. Agbon ◽

O. C. Odebiyi

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Oreochromis Niloticus ◽

Heavy Metal Concentration ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Fish Tissues ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Safe Limits

Different sizes of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) were caught using cast net in FUNAAB reservoir. Water samples were also collected and analyzed for five metals: Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). During the experiment, three tissues were compared with the level of metal in water, Intestine, Kidney and Muscles. Generally, lower concentrations of metals were recorded in water than in fish tissues; lower concentration in the tissue of O niloticus except were found in the water which is less than the recommendation for human consumption by World Health Organisation. Lead was found to be the dominant in the intestine of Oreochromis niloticus while Chromium was recorded the least of all the metals. There is a significant difference (P<0.05) in heavy metal concentration in the tissue of O niloticus except for Chromium. Though, the heavy metals of interest were present in a measurable quantities, they are still within safe limits for consumption.

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Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Contamination Status of Soil around Abandoned and Active Nigerian Dumpsites

Journal of Geography Environment and Earth Science International ◽

10.9734/jgeesi/2021/v25i1030310 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

O. O. Afolabi ◽

O. S. Eludoyin

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Contamination Factor ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Soil Samples ◽

World Health ◽

Degree Of Contamination ◽

Allowable Limit ◽

Organic C ◽

Contamination Indices ◽

High Degree

Aim: The study evaluated the heavy metals and contamination status of soil around active and abandoned waste dumpsites in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: Five soil samples were collected at the topsoil (0-15cm depth) in a regular distance of 20m, 40m, 60m, 80m and 100m from the center of the dumpsites and control plot. The soil samples were analysed for heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn), pH and total Organic C (TOC) using standard laboratory analyses and contamination indices to determine the soil contamination status. Descriptive statistics involving mean and standard deviation were used for the data analysis. Results: The mean concentrations of Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in active dumpsite was 3.2616mg/kg, 0.3983 mg/kg, 0.2027 mg/kg, 6.5785 mg/kg, 2.6991mg/kg and 12.4111mg/kg respectively while that of the abandoned dumpsite are 1.3913mg/kg, 0.3693mg/kg, 0.0882mg/kg, 3.6235mg/kg, 0.4158mg/kg and 4.0140mg/kg respectively. Hence, the soil samples in both dumpsites exceeded the allowable limit of World Health Organisation (WHO). The order of heavy metal concentrations in the dumpsites was Zn>Fe>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. The contamination factor of the heavy metals follows order: Pb > Cu > Cr > Zn > Fe for both dumpsites. The degree of contamination ranged from (1612.51 to 2286.83 for active dumpsite and 26.14 to 641.46 for abandoned dumpsite) indicating very high degree of contamination. Modified degree of contamination ranged from 46.09 to 381.14 for active dumpsite indicating “ultra-high degree of contamination” and 4.36 to 106.91 for abandoned dumpsite indicating high degree of contamination to ultra-high degree of contamination. Pollution Load Index ranged from (5.08 to 8.12 for active and 1.63 to 4.16 for abandoned dumpsite) indicating polluted soil with various heavy metals. Conclusion: the concentration of heavy metals combined with the contamination indices revealed that the soils around the dumpsites are contaminated/polluted; hence, pose ecological and health-related risk.

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Monitoring and Modeling of Heavy Metals Contents in Vegetables Collected from Markets in Imo State, South-Eastern, Nigeria

10.26434/chemrxiv.9895628 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Isiuku Beniah Obinna ◽

Christian Enyoh

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Health Effect ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Contamination Factor ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Imo State

Vegetable consumption is one major exposure route of heavy metal to humans, but few data exist for Imo State. We assessed the contamination levels and associated health risk of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in vegetables (Telfairia occidentalis, Pterocarpus mildbraedii, Gongronenina latifolium and Vernonia amygdalina) that are consumed frequently from markets (n=16) in three zones of Imo State, Nigeria. After wet-digestion of samples, the supernatant were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean concentrations in the four vegetables ranged from 0.006±0.003 mg/kg to 0.011±0.007 mg/kg for Cd, 0.064±0.012 mg/kg to 1.225±0.226 mg/kg for Co, 10.711±1.968 mg/kg to 25.088±13.975 mg/kg for Cu, 0.062±0.013 mg/kg to 0.307±0.210 mg/kg for Ni, 0.006±0.005 mg/kg to 0.012±0.002 mg/kg for Pb and 63.55±4.055 mg/kg to 104.126±24.080 mg/kg for Zn. Except for Zn, all heavy metals in the various vegetables were below the joint standard of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organisation (WHO). Although, overall heavy metal load was very low, Zn had the highest contamination factor in vegetables. Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables generally showed low to high variations and statistically different (p < 0.05). Average daily intake was below the provisional tolerance limit except for Zn. The individual hazard index of vegetables for both children and adults were below 1, indicating no potential risk to the public. Overall, heavy metals hazard index were below 1, indicating acceptable level of non-carcinogenic adverse health effect. However, potential multi-element contamination from ingestion is possible as revealed by the correlation profiling of heavy metals.

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Heavy Metal Concentration in Ambient Air University Campus Located near the Industrial Area

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1189 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 773-774 ◽

pp. 1189-1193

Author(s):

Radin Maya Saphira bte Radin Mohamed ◽

Noor Maisara bte Jais ◽

Farah Hanim bt. Che Aziz ◽

Amir Hashim bin Mohd. Kassim ◽

Norzila Othman

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Quality Criteria ◽

High Standard ◽

Heavy Metal Concentration ◽

Ambient Air ◽

World Health ◽

University Campus ◽

Sampling Device

This study aims to measure the concentration of heavy metals of concern Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni) at three university campus buildings which was situated adjacent to an industrial district. Heavy metals particulates were sampled from the PM10 sampling device (Met One Instrument) in 24 hours sampling between lecture and holiday periods. Determination of heavy metals concentrations were conducted using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the filter papers were digested with mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4). These heavy metal concentrations were compared to the Standard Concentration on Air such as World Health Organization Health (WHO), Ambient Air Quality Criteria Act 1994 (AAQC), National Environment Protection Council (NEPS) and also Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). The comparison with Standard Concentration of Air shows that Cd and Cu have low concentrations 0.0033±0.0018 μg/m3 and 0.0894±0.0614 μg/m3 while Cr and Ni have high concentrations of 0.1882±0.0535 μg/m3 and 0.1278±0.0323 μg/m3 respectively. The Pb gives irregular result and high standard deviation of 2.0410±3.4999 μg/m3. This finding produces significant contribution to some knowledge of the level of heavy metals in the study area. It identifies research needs and suggests potential approaches to addressing outstanding problems.

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