scholarly journals Monitoring and Modeling of Heavy Metals Contents in Vegetables Collected from Markets in Imo State, South-Eastern, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isiuku Beniah Obinna ◽  
Christian Enyoh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Imo State

<p>Vegetable consumption is one major exposure route of heavy metal to humans, but few data exist for Imo State. We assessed the contamination levels and associated health risk of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in vegetables (<i>Telfairia occidentalis</i>, <i>Pterocarpus mildbraedii</i>, <i>Gongronenina latifolium</i> and <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i>) that are consumed frequently from markets (n=16) in three zones of Imo State, Nigeria. After wet-digestion of samples, the supernatant were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean concentrations in the<i> </i>four vegetables ranged from 0.006±0.003 mg/kg to 0.011±0.007 mg/kg for Cd, 0.064±0.012 mg/kg to 1.225±0.226 mg/kg for Co, 10.711±1.968 mg/kg to 25.088±13.975 mg/kg for Cu, 0.062±0.013 mg/kg to 0.307±0.210 mg/kg for Ni, 0.006±0.005 mg/kg to 0.012±0.002 mg/kg for Pb and 63.55±4.055 mg/kg to 104.126±24.080 mg/kg for Zn. Except for Zn, all heavy metals in the various vegetables were below the joint standard of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organisation (WHO). Although, overall heavy metal load was very low, Zn had the highest contamination factor in vegetables. Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables generally showed low to high variations and statistically different (p < 0.05). Average daily intake was below the provisional tolerance limit except for Zn. The individual hazard index of vegetables for both children and adults were below 1, indicating no potential risk to the public. Overall, heavy metals hazard index were below 1, indicating acceptable level of non-carcinogenic adverse health effect. However, potential multi-element contamination from ingestion is possible as revealed by the correlation profiling of heavy metals. </p>

scholarly journals Monitoring and Modeling of Heavy Metals Contents in Vegetables Collected from Markets in Imo State, South-Eastern, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isiuku Beniah Obinna ◽  
Christian Enyoh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Imo State

<p>Vegetable consumption is one major exposure route of heavy metal to humans, but few data exist for Imo State. We assessed the contamination levels and associated health risk of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in vegetables (<i>Telfairia occidentalis</i>, <i>Pterocarpus mildbraedii</i>, <i>Gongronenina latifolium</i> and <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i>) that are consumed frequently from markets (n=16) in three zones of Imo State, Nigeria. After wet-digestion of samples, the supernatant were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean concentrations in the<i> </i>four vegetables ranged from 0.006±0.003 mg/kg to 0.011±0.007 mg/kg for Cd, 0.064±0.012 mg/kg to 1.225±0.226 mg/kg for Co, 10.711±1.968 mg/kg to 25.088±13.975 mg/kg for Cu, 0.062±0.013 mg/kg to 0.307±0.210 mg/kg for Ni, 0.006±0.005 mg/kg to 0.012±0.002 mg/kg for Pb and 63.55±4.055 mg/kg to 104.126±24.080 mg/kg for Zn. Except for Zn, all heavy metals in the various vegetables were below the joint standard of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organisation (WHO). Although, overall heavy metal load was very low, Zn had the highest contamination factor in vegetables. Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables generally showed low to high variations and statistically different (p < 0.05). Average daily intake was below the provisional tolerance limit except for Zn. The individual hazard index of vegetables for both children and adults were below 1, indicating no potential risk to the public. Overall, heavy metals hazard index were below 1, indicating acceptable level of non-carcinogenic adverse health effect. However, potential multi-element contamination from ingestion is possible as revealed by the correlation profiling of heavy metals. </p>

scholarly journals Heavy Metal and Microbial Contaminants of Some Vegetables Irrigated With Goo Reservoir Water, Navrongo, Ghana

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Theophilus Atio, Abalori ◽  
Conrad Atogi-Akwoa, Weobong
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Significant Difference

Globally, the safety of vegetables for consumption is becoming an increasing concern to consumers because of the risk associated with eating of vegetables contaminated with heavy metals and microbial organisms. An assessment of the extent of microbial contamination and also levels of heavy metals and the risk associated with the consumption of the vegetables irrigated with polluted Goo reservoir water in the Navrongo municipality was carried out. Site A used the channel flooding irrigation method whilst site B used watering cans for watering during the latter part of the dry season when the pressure of the water is low. A total of 128 vegetables samples were taken for microbial and heavy metals determination each. Samples of leafy vegetable and fruit vegetables were randomly taken from the two sites for microbial and heavy metal analysis. The reservoir was divided to North, South, East and West and water samples taken from each location. The concentrations of heavy metals in the reservoir exceeded the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) recommended levels of metals in water for irrigation. Site B recorded the highest microbial counts likewise heavy metal contaminants in the sampled vegetables. Levels of cadmium in the vegetables exceeded the World Health Organization/FAO permissible levels. Copper (Cu) had the highest concentration in both sites. Faecal Coliform (FC) levels in the vegetables were above the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) allowable limits. The high quantities of Total Coliform, Faecal Coliform, E. coli, helminthes eggs and salmonella contamination of the vegetables indicate high risk of getting diseases through the consumption of these vegetables. The hazard quotient of all the metals exceeded one in both sites except Zinc (Zn). The hazard index (HI) of heavy metals studied was above one in both sites, indicating they could have adverse health effect to human life. The analysis showed there was significant difference in microbial counts and levels of heavy metals in the vegetables in the two different sites. The consumers of these vegetables were at risk of contracting water-borne diseases like typhoid fever, cholera among others and also a high risk of heavy metal poisoning especially from cadmium.

Heavy metal and essential elements in beers from turkey market: A risk assessment study

2021 ◽  
pp. 096032712199321
Author(s):  
M Charehsaz ◽  
S Helvacıoğlu ◽  
S Çetinkaya ◽  
R Demir ◽  
O Erdem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Multiple Heavy Metals

In this study, the level of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and also essential elements in beer samples consumed in Turkey were investigated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The heavy metal-induced non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated. For essential elements, the calculated estimated daily intake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) from beer consumption were compared with their toxicity reference values. Tukey post-hoc test showed that As was found at a significantly higher level when compared to Pb. Also, a significant correlation was found between As level and alcohol by volume percent. All samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As in the high beer consumer group. This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the alcohol content of beer, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the heavy metals content of these beverages.

Concentrations and related health risk assessment of pesticides, phthalates and heavy metals in strawberry from Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-ce Shao ◽  
Yang-yang Zang ◽  
Hai-yao Ma ◽  
Ye Ling ◽  
Zhen-peng Kai
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Pesticides Residues

In the present study, a risk assessment of pesticides, phthalates and heavy metals in strawberries (n = 335) in recent years was conducted by determining the out estimate dietary intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) . 128 Pesticides, 18 phthalates and 3 heavy metals were determined in this determination. 51 pesticide residues were detected in the strawberry samples, and 97.91% samples had levels of at least one of the 51 pesticides above the LOD (limit of detection). 2.39% of samples had pesticides higher than the Chinese MRL. Multiple pesticides residues were detected in most samples. Bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were detected in the strawberry samples with high frequency of detection. Their detectable rates were 100, 100 and 89.9%, respectively. Most of the samples were detected lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) with the detectable rates 75.76, 92.93 and 92.93%, respectively. Estimated daily intake of analyzed pesticide, phthalate and heavy metal residues appear to be relatively low compared to the ADI. The average THQs and HI were less than one. That means the customers who are exposed to the average contaminants levels may not pose significant health risk. Our results show that the strawberries may be polluted by many kinds of contaminants. Therefore, monitoring of pesticides, phthalates and heavy metal residues in strawberries should be increasingly developed in order to fully protect the health of the consumer.

scholarly journals Accumulation and toxicological risk assessment of Cd, As, Pb, Hg, and Cu from topsoils of school playgrounds at Obio-Akpor LGA Rivers State Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okereke Chioma ◽  
Agomuo Emmanuel ◽  
Amadi Peter
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
School Playgrounds

The adverse health effects associated with heavy metal pollution have become a subject of topical discussion. Using standard methods, this study evaluated the accumulation and toxicological risks of heavy metal deposition on top soils of school playgrounds in Obio-Akpor LGA. Results obtained from the top soils, sampled from 10 different schools showed that the concentration of heavy metals assessed, followed the trend; Hg<As<Cd<Pb<Cu. Marginal differences between the test and control samples were observed for the geoaccumulation index of the heavy metals except for copper. For the contamination factor, FCUA had the least results for cadmium (0.31) but highest in arsenic (0.016) while OPS, UDPS and RBPS recorded the highest contamination factor for lead, mercury, and copper respectively. The results for the pollution load index and degree of contamination of the test sites showed that the sites were unpolluted and had low contamination status, while the enrichment factors showed the deposition of only cadmium to be of a natural origin, and the rest of the heavy metals resulted from anthropogenic sources. The trend from the hazard quotient was Pb>Hg>Cu>Cd>As while the highest (0.0213) and least (0.0162) total hazard index value occurred at RBPS and MOM respectively. These values obtained for this study indicate that the school playground's soils are still within the recommended heavy metal content safe levels.

scholarly journals Concentration and Potential Human Health Hazards of Heavy Metals in Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Purchased from Major Markets in Calabar, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Udiba Ugumanim Udiba ◽  
Udeme Uyom Udofia ◽  
Ekom R. Akpan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Potential Human Health

Background. As water flows through habitats associated with estuaries, such as mud flats, salt marshes, sea grass and mangrove forests, pollutants such as heavy metals are filtered. The fine sediment dominant in intertidal and subtidal estuarine systems is an important sink for these contaminants. Periwinkle, which inhabit estuarine ecosystems, are known to bioaccumulate large quantities of contaminants. Objectives. In view of the widespread consumption of periwinkle in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, this study was designed to assess the concentration and potential human health hazards of heavy metals due to the consumption of this rich, inexpensive and readily available source of protein in Calabar, Nigeria. Methods. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) content of edible tissues of periwinkles obtained from major markets in Calabar were determined using Shimadzu atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model AA-6800, Japan) after wet digestion. Results. The ranges of concentration (mg/kg dry weight) were Pb (0.011–0.056), Cd (0.008–0.032), Cr (0.014–0.157) and Ni (0.053–0.261) for Watt Market and Pb (0.009–0.052), Cd (0.011–0.032), Cr (0.012–0.052) and Ni (0.012–0.322) for Mariam Market. Concentrations of all the metals were below Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) and Commission of European Communities maximum permissible limits. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Pb and Cd were slightly higher compared to the recommended daily intake for the metals. The EDI of all metals under study were lower than the upper tolerable daily intake. The target hazard quotients (THQ) computed to estimate the human health risk posed by each metal were above the safe limits of unity, except for Cr. The hazard index (HI) for a typical adult of 60.7 kg body weight was found to be 9.7 for Watt Market and the relative contributions to the aggregated risk were 24.66%, 54.51%, 0.0001% and 20.70% for Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, respectively. The HI for Marian Market was 10.7 and the relative contributions to the aggregated risk were 22.31%, 57.55%, 0.06% and 20.09% for Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, respectively. Conclusions. Consumption of periwinkles purchased from major markets in Calabar poses toxicological risk with respect to Pb, Cd and Ni poisoning. Competing interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Contamination Status of Soil around Abandoned and Active Nigerian Dumpsites

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
O. O. Afolabi ◽  
O. S. Eludoyin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Degree Of Contamination ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Contamination Indices ◽  
High Degree

Aim: The study evaluated the heavy metals and contamination status of soil around active and abandoned waste dumpsites in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: Five soil samples were collected at the topsoil (0-15cm depth) in a regular distance of 20m, 40m, 60m, 80m and 100m from the center of the dumpsites and control plot. The soil samples were analysed for heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn), pH and total Organic C (TOC) using standard laboratory analyses and contamination indices to determine the soil contamination status. Descriptive statistics involving mean and standard deviation were used for the data analysis. Results: The mean concentrations of Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in active dumpsite was 3.2616mg/kg, 0.3983 mg/kg, 0.2027 mg/kg, 6.5785 mg/kg, 2.6991mg/kg and 12.4111mg/kg respectively while that of the abandoned dumpsite are 1.3913mg/kg, 0.3693mg/kg, 0.0882mg/kg, 3.6235mg/kg, 0.4158mg/kg and 4.0140mg/kg respectively. Hence, the soil samples in both dumpsites exceeded the allowable limit of World Health Organisation (WHO). The order of heavy metal concentrations in the dumpsites was Zn>Fe>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. The contamination factor of the heavy metals follows order: Pb > Cu > Cr > Zn > Fe for both dumpsites. The degree of contamination ranged from (1612.51 to 2286.83 for active dumpsite and 26.14 to 641.46 for abandoned dumpsite) indicating very high degree of contamination. Modified degree of contamination ranged from 46.09 to 381.14 for active dumpsite indicating “ultra-high degree of contamination” and 4.36 to 106.91 for abandoned dumpsite indicating high degree of contamination to ultra-high degree of contamination. Pollution Load Index ranged from (5.08 to 8.12 for active and 1.63 to 4.16 for abandoned dumpsite) indicating polluted soil with various heavy metals.   Conclusion: the concentration of heavy metals combined with the contamination indices revealed that the soils around the dumpsites are contaminated/polluted; hence, pose ecological and health-related risk.

scholarly journals Assessing the level of heavy metals concentration in soil around transformer at Akoko community of OndoState, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2183-2189
Author(s):  
R. Ogunlana ◽  
A.I. Korode ◽  
Z.F. Ajibade
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Transformer Oil ◽  
World Health ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
The World ◽  
Ondo State

Some heavy metals have bio-importance as trace elements but the bio-toxic effects of many of them in human biochemistry are of great concern. The level of heavy metals concentrations of transformer oil polluted soil was assessed in Akungba Akoko community of Ondo State, Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentration of heavy metals investigated ranges from: Cu (1400-18)mg/kg, Fe (96700- 15500)mg/kg, Cd (2- 0.5)mg/kg, Mn (62-29)kg/mg, Ni(5-1)mg/kg, Al(27-11)mg/kg, Zn(1400- 44)mg/kg, Pd (68-20)mg/kg and Ca (570- 135)mg/kg. From the study, it was observed that some transformer sites had more concentration of heavy metals than others, as a result of the heavy metals content of the transformer soil released to the surrounding soil, while in some samples of these heavy metals were absent or are below detection limit. Comparing the results with the World Health Organisation (W.H.O) maximum allowable limit in soil with results of the results of different samples collected, majority of the results were found to fall below W.H.O limit which implies that those sites are still contamination free with respect to the specific heavy metal and caution needs to be taken urgently to avoid potential contamination. Meanwhile, heavy metal concentration at some sites have gone beyond the W.H.O maximum allowable limit, calling for immediate remediation of the site.

scholarly journals Environmental risk assessment of the intake of contaminants in aquifers in the vicinity of a reclaimed waste dumpsite in Owerri municipal, Southeastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Chizoruo Ibe ◽  
Alexander Iheanyichukwu Opara ◽  
Collins Emeka Amaobi ◽  
Bridget Onyekachi Ibe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Groundwater Samples

AbstractThe study investigated groundwater sources within reclaimed municipal waste dumpsites around Akachi road in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. The research evaluated the pollution and risk inherent in the consumption of groundwater in the vicinity of the reclaimed waste dumpsite using standard procedures. Results showed acidic pH values for some groundwater samples within the reclaimed waste dumpsite. Elevated nitrate (NO3−), aluminium (Al) and chromium (Cr) concentrations above the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water samples were recorded in some of the groundwater samples from the study area. The observed strong positive correlations between the metallic contaminants indicated that the distribution of the pollutants has a strong relationship with organic contaminants in the reclaimed waste dumpsite. Low contamination factor was exhibited by all metals for the individual samples except for Cr in sample A and Al in sample A and D. The pollution load index for all the samples was low, except for sample C with a pollution load index of unity. Elevated hazard quotient > 1 and hazard index > 1 were observed for both adults and children due to high Cr levels. The chronic daily intake risk assessment revealed values < 1, while carcinogenic risk values greater than 10−6 and 10−4 were observed for the samples suggesting potential health risk for children and adults. The water quality index of samples from the reclaimed waste dumpsite calls for concern due to elevated levels of Al and Cr. These findings, therefore, suggest the need to treat the groundwater from the reclaimed dumpsite before consumption to avert serious health risks. Finally, waste dumpsites should be remediated or allow to undergo natural remediation before reclamation, erecting residential structures, and sinking of boreholes for water supply within such areas.

scholarly journals Public Health Implications of Some Heavy Metals Contained in Palm Wines of Wilberforce Island Area, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Glory Richard ◽  
Felix Okponanabofa Youkparigha ◽  
Ayobami Omozemoje Aigberua ◽  
Sylvester Chibueze Izah ◽  
Boma Braide
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Iron Cobalt ◽  
Palm Wine ◽  
Low Concentrations

This study evaluated the heavy metals hazard of palm wine from Raphia species sold in Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from six locations in Wilberforce Island and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The health risk associated with heavy metal contaminants was calculated following standard protocol. Results of heavy metals in palm wine were in the range of 0.157–0.319mg/L, 0.554–0.983mg/L, 0.000– 0.2289mg/L, and 0.123–0.5299mg/L for zinc, iron, cobalt, and copper respectively. There were significant discrepancies (p < 0.05) in the palm wine samples across various locations for the different parameters. Metals such as cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead were not detected in palm wine, indicating that toxicity related to them is non-existent. However, zinc, cobalt, and copper were observed at low concentrations, while iron levels exceeded regulatory comparison. This is possibly an indication of iron-rich soils which are prevalent in the area. It may also have resulted from activities releasing this metal within the study area. Average daily intake and hazard quotient and health index (< 1) indicate no adverse acute health effect. To forestall potential health risks associated with heavy metals in palm wine, there is a need to regularly evaluate heavy metal concentrations.

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