Toxicological Studies on the Ethanol Extract of <i>Acalypha torta</i> (Muell) Leaves in Mice and Rats.

Abstract Annona vepretorum is endemic from the Brazilian Caatinga biome and is used in human nutrition. The present study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of the ethanolic extract from the leaves of this species. The leaves of A. vepretorum were collected, dried, pulverized, and macerated with ethanol to yield the crude ethanol extract of A. vepretorum. HPLC-diode array detection was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of the extract. In toxicity studies, the acute toxicity experimental group was administered a single dose of the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum (1 g/kg), while in the subacute toxicity experimental group, the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum was administered orally, daily for 30 days, at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg. Death and signs of toxicity were observed and at the end, the animals were anesthetized, and blood and organs were then collected. The presence of the flavonoid rutin in the extract was confirmed using HPLC-diode array detection. In the evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity, there were no behavioral and physiological changes or signs of toxicity, and no occurrences of mice deaths were registered. The organs had normal color and preserved architecture, and no statistical variations in weight were observed. The results of the hematological and biochemical parameters after the administration of the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum showed no significant change, except in the count of the number of leukocytes and triglycerides. The histopathologic analysis of the liver, kidneys, and stomach indicated architecture with normal aspects. Thus, the toxicity study indicates low toxicity of the ethanol extract of A. vepretorum. Such information will be helpful in future clinical studies.

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Ethanol extract of Nandina domestica Thunb. leafs: effect on Pomacea canaliculata and growth of Orzya sativa seedlings

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n5p1887 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 1887

Author(s):

Hu Ye ◽

Liu Xuan ◽

Ye Meng ◽

Nong Xiang ◽

Yang Yaojun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Paddy Soil ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Pomacea Canaliculata ◽

Rice Seedlings ◽

Forest Residues ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Pot Culture

Alien species may adversely affect not only human health, agriculture, and fisheries but also the native ecosystem. Pomacea canaliculata is one of alien harmful species (IUCN). Forest residues are a kind of renewable, cheap and secure source of primary energy. Nandina domestica Thunb. is a commonly and widely cultivated plant for city landscape construction in China. After being pruned, a large of N. domestica leaves are usually abandoned. In this work, extracts of ethanol Soxhlet (SE), ethanol immerse (EE), and water immerse (WE) were obtained from leaves of N. domestica Thunb. cv. Firepower. The molluscicidal effects of the three extracts from the leaves were evaluated against black P. canaliculata. In sand pot culture condition and pot culture with paddy soil condition, SE at concentration of 4000 mg L-1 did not affect seedlings normal growth. Plant height, seedling fresh weight (SFW), seedling dry weight (SDW) and Chlorophyll content of SE (4000 mg L-1) were not significantly different from that in DS (distilled water + seedlings). Besides, in pot culture with paddy soil condition, the SE treatment at concentration of 4000 mg L-1 inhibited P. canaliculata chewing rice seedlings effectively, which was not statistically different from the positive control {NSP, niclosamide (according to field dosage, 0.086 g m-2 ) + seedlings + P. canaliculata)}. Results from this study indicated that SE has molluscicidal effect against P. canaliculata and SE did not affect the normal growth of rice seedlings. Thus, we suggest further chemical and toxicological studies of SE.

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Toxicological studies of Orthosiphon stamineus (Misai Kucing) standardized ethanol extract in combination with gemcitabine in athymic nude mice model

Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 59-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ashwaq H.S. Yehya ◽

Muhammad Asif ◽

Gurjeet Kaur ◽

Loiy E.A. Hassan ◽

Fouad S.R. Al-Suede ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nude Mice ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Mice Model ◽

Athymic Nude Mice ◽

Orthosiphon Stamineus ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Nude Mice Model

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Pharmacognostic, Antimicrobial and Toxicological Studies of a Seasonal Medicinal Plant; Tagetes Patula L

RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.37962/jpps.v8i4.480 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Tayyaba Faraz ◽

Ghazala H Rizwani ◽

Bushra Hina ◽

Huma Sharif

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Larvicidal Activity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Wound Management ◽

Tagetes Patula ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Antimicrobial Studies ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Animal Pathogens

Purpose of this study: This study has been carried out to explore the medicinal significance of Tagetes patula by evaluating its in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and toxicological effects. Pharmacognostic standardization is done to maintain the purity and quality of the drug. Methodology: Pharmacognostic studies (macro morphology and microscopy i.e. Histology and powder microscopy), solubility and color reaction of T.patula were carried out followed by in vitro antimicrobial studies of ethanol extract of the flowers. In this regard antibacterial, antifungal, and toxicological studies were performed by well diffusion, Agar dilution, and larvicidal activity respectively. Results: Flower extract of T. patula showed good antibacterial effects against gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria except Shigella flexanri. Moreover it showed powerful antifungal effects against various human (Aspergillus flavus, Candida glabrata, Trichophytonlongifusus), plant (Fusariumsolani)and animal pathogens (Microsporumcanis). Moreover remarkable larvicidal activity was observed against brine shrimp at 100 and 1000 µg/ml. Conclusion: This research study makes the valuable medicinal plant a good candidate for skin infections and wound management for topical use.Such studies will help in formulating topical herbal preparations to combat inflammatory and infectious skin disease.

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In Vitro Inhibition of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase by Extracts from Psiadia punctulata and Meriandra bengalensis

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/2164345 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yosief Kidane ◽

Temesgen Bokrezion ◽

Jimmy Mebrahtu ◽

Mikias Mehari ◽

Yacob Berhane Gebreab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Glucose Uptake ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Inhibition Activity ◽

Toxicological Studies

Background. This research assessed the in vitro antidiabetic activity and phytochemical constituents of the traditionally used medicinal plants, Psiadia punctulata and Meriandra bengalensis. Method. The leaves of both plants were subjected to cold extraction method using 70% ethanol and hot Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, and distilled water. The extracts were studied for their effect on glucose transport across yeast cells and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of ethanol extract was also undertaken. Results. The results of yeast glucose uptake assay revealed that extracts from both plants had a maximum increase in glucose uptake at the 25mM glucose concentration with a maximum dose of 2000μg/ml plant extract. The ethanol extract of P. punctulata and aqueous extract of M. bengalensis showed a high activity of 68% and 96%, respectively, at 25mM and 2000μg/ml of glucose and extract concentration. P. punctulata exerted peak inhibition activity of α-amylase of 37.5 ± 3% mg/dl (IC50 = 0.523 mg/dl) for methanol and distilled water extract at 0.5 mg/dl, respectively. M. bengalensis methanol extract exhibited the highest inhibition activity of 38 ± 8 % mg/dl (IC50 = 0.543 mg/dl) at 0.5 mg/dl. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, the methanolic extract of P. punctulata exhibited the highest inhibitory activity of 17.29 ± 9% mg/dl (IC50 = 0.761 mg/dl) at 0.5mg/dl. The chloroform extract of M. bengalensis had the highest inhibitory activity of 30 ± 5% mg/dl (IC50=0.6mg/dl) at 0.5 mg/dL. Phytochemical analysis of the different extracts of P. punctulata and M. bengalensis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, and carbohydrates. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of ethanolic extract of both plants indicated presence of 15 and 17 spots for P. punctulata and M. bengalensis respectively. Conclusion. P. punctulata and M. bengalensis extracts have moderate inhibitory activity against pancreatic α-amylase and relatively low inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. The observed effects may be associated with the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Additional in vivo analysis, toxicological studies, isolation, and structural characterization of the phytomolecules identified in this study and molecular docking studies should be undertaken.

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Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100159412 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 374-375

Author(s):

D.E. Loudy ◽

J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽

J.T. Yarrington ◽

F.Y. Thompson ◽

J.P. Gibson

Keyword(s):

Antidepressant Drug ◽

Beagle Dogs ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Platelet Counts ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Induced Aggregation ◽

Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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