scholarly journals A case-control study of factors associated with non-adherent to antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected people in Pwani Region, eastern Tanzania

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boniphace Idindili ◽  
Boniphace Jullu ◽  
Ferdinand Mugusi ◽  
Marcel Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Factors Associated with First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Failure amongst HIV-Infected African Patients: A Case-Control Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Kwobah ◽  
Ann W. Mwangi ◽  
Julius K. Koech ◽  
Gilbert N. Simiyu ◽  
Abraham M. Siika
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Therapy Failure ◽  
First Line ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
African Patients ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Determinants of Virologic Failure among Adult HIV Patients on First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy at Waghimra Zone, Northern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Abrham Emagnu ◽  
Zenahebezu Abay ◽  
Abera Balcha Bulti ◽  
Yaregal Animut
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
Drug Toxicity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Virologic Failure ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Introduction. The primary goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to reduce the viral load in HIV-infected patients to promote quality of life, as well as to reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality. A high rate of virologic failure was reported in Waghimra Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, in viral load assessment conducted among HIV-infected patients on ART in the Amhara region. However, there is limited evidence on the determinants of virological failure in the study area. This study aimed to identify the determinants of virological failure among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Waghimra zone, Northern Ethiopia, 2019. Methods. An institutional-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from May 21 to June 30, 2019. Cases were people living with HIV (PLHIV) on ART who had already experienced virological failure; controls were those without virological failure. Data were extracted from 92 cases and 184 controls through chart review using a pretested and structured checklist. The data were entered using Epi Info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with virological failure, and variables with a P value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. This study revealed that poor adherence to ART (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.17, 8.31), taking ART for longer than five years (AOR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.17, 8.25), having drug toxicity (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.54, 7.23), age of PLHIV ≥ 35 years (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.29,4.64), and recent CD4 count <200 cells/mm³ (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.52, 6.13) were factors associated with virologic failure. Conclusion and Recommendation. This study showed that poor adherence to treatment, longer duration on ART, experiencing drug toxicity, older age, and recent CD4 <200 cell/mm³ are factors that increase the risk of virologic failure.

scholarly journals Predictors of the Occurrence of Tuberculosis in HIV-infected Adults during the First Six Months of Antiretroviral Therapy in Kisangani, DR Congo

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Dieudonné Lobela Bumba ◽  
Issa Yakusu Issa ◽  
Daniel Kazadi Musakayi ◽  
Floribert Olinda Loku ◽  
Jacques Ossinga Bassandja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dr Congo ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Control Study

Objective: To determine the predictive factors for the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) in adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during the first 6 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kisangani. Methods: A case-control study was carried out during the period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Clinical data were collected retrospectively from patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in the city of Kisangani. Of a total of 1,161 HIV-infected patients included in this study, 58 of them developed TB. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made on the presence of Acid-Alcohol-Resistant Bacile (BAAR) on at least one biological sample or on the basis of a bundle of clinical and paraclinical arguments. This test is done during the first six months of initiating anti retroviral therapy (ART). Predictive factors for the onset of TB in these patients on antiretroviral therapy were identified using logistic regression analysis. Results: After multivariate analysis, the independent factors associated with the onset of TB were: being married (OR = 4.456; 95% CI: 1.061-18.713), residence in the town of Tshopo (OR = 7.04; 95% CI: 1.168-42.47) as well as stages 3 and 4 of AIDS disease (OR = 29 95% CI: 4.563-184.872 and OR = 50.8 95% CI: 3.971-680.995). Conclusion: The results found by this study highlight the need for active TB testing in HIV-infected individuals. Particular emphasis should be placed on the category of patients on antiretroviral therapy who have one of the independent factors for the onset of TB.

scholarly journals Determinants of Therapy Failure Among Adults on First-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Asmara, Eritrea: A Multicenter Retrospective Matched Case-control Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Tekle Mengistu ◽  
Ghirmay Ghebrekidan Ghebremeskel ◽  
Hermon Berhe Ghebrat ◽  
Oliver Okoth Achila ◽  
Nahom Asmerom Yohannes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
First Line ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Information on treatment failure (TF) in People living with HIV in data-poor jurisdictions is necessary to counter the rapidly escalating epidemic of TF to first-line combined anti-retroviral therapies (cART) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this study, we examined the risk factors associated with TF in Asmara, Eritrea.Methods: A multicenter, retrospective 1:2 matched (by age and gender) case-control study was conducted in four major hospitals in Asmara, Eritrea on adults aged >15 years who were on treatment for at least 6 months. Cases were patients with viral load ≥1000 copies/mL anytime between 2019-2021 and/or patients switched to second line cART. Controls were randomly selected from patients on first-line ART with viral load < 1000 copies/mL. Data was extracted using a checklist from the master data set and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for TF. All p-values were 2-sided and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses.Results: Of the 1068 participants, 585 (54.7%) were females. The median age at treatment initiation was 46 years (interquartile range (IQR): 39–51). Median time to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) failure was 37 months (IQR =24–47). In multivariate analysis factors associated with increased likelihood of virologic failure (VF) were the type of initially used nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) backbone ( (Zidovudine+Lamivudine (AZT+3TC): adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.70; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.65-4.41, p-value<0.001), (Abacavir+lamivudine (ABC+3TC): aOR: 4.73; 95%CI: 1.18-18.92, p-value=0.028), and (Stavudine+Lamivudine (D4T+3TC): aOR: 5.00; 95% CI: 3.03-8.20, p-value<0.001), prior exposure to ART (aOR: 2.28; 95%CI:1.35–3.86; p=0.002), record of sub-optimal drug adherence (aOR: 3.08; 95%CI: 2.22–4.28; p<0.001), ambulatory/bedridden at presentation (aOR:1.61; 95%CI: 1.12-4.28; p-value=0.010), presence of comorbidities (aOR: 2.37; 95%CI: 1.36-4.10, p-value=0.002), duration of cART (<5 years: aOR: 5.90; 95% CI: 3.95-8.73, p-value<0.001), and use of SMX-TMP prophylaxis ( aOR : 2.00, 95%CI, 1.44-2.78, p-value<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing cART adherence, diversification of cART regimens, and interventions directed at enhancing early HIV diagnosis, prompt initiations of treatment and improved patient focused monitoring of treatment response.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Balance Impairment and Factors Associated with Balance among Patients with Stroke. A Cross Sectional Retrospective Case Control Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Fayaz Khan ◽  
Mohamed Faisal Chevidikunnan
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Balance Impairment ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Stroke is a major cause of disability worldwide, and balance impairments are common disabling factors in patients with stroke, leading to falls. Thus, the study objectives were as follows: (i) To find the prevalence of balance impairment among patients with stroke. (ii) To find out the factors associated with balance impairment in patients with stroke. This cross-sectional retrospective case control study involved eighty-one post stroke patients with a mean age of 58.36 ± 14.06, recruited from six hospitals, who underwent an assessment of balance, walking speed, depression and isometric strength of the ankle and knee. These patients were later categorized into subjects with good balance (<45) in the Berg balance scale (BBS) and those with poor balance (≥45), as cases and controls, to assess the factors associated with balance impairment using binary logistic regression. The prevalence of balance impairment among patients with stroke was 48.1%. The reduction in power of knee flexors (OR = 0.858), knee extensors (OR = 0.880) and ankle dorsiflexors (OR = 0.820) was found to be significantly associated with balance impairment, along with speed (OR = 1.187 (95% CI = 1.100, 1.280)), depression (OR = 1.331 (95% CI = 1.055–1.679)) and activities of daily living (OR = 0.313 (95% CI = 0.150–0.650)). In summary, around half of the patients with stroke exhibited balance impairments, with females being more prone.

scholarly journals Effects of sagging breasts and other risk factors associated with mastalgia: a case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bülent Çomçalı ◽  
Servet Kocaoz ◽  
Buket Altun Özdemir ◽  
Ömer Parlak ◽  
Birol Korukluoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

AbstractThe aim of this study is to compare patients with and without mastalgia and to analyze the factors affecting mastalgia and its severity. The patient’s age, height, weight, educational status, marital status, and occupation were recorded in all subjects. In addition, the women were asked about the presence of any risk factors for mastalgia, such as tea and coffee consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, and weight gain. The sternal notch to nipple distance (SNND) was measured to determine whether there was breast sagging. Mastalgia was significantly more common in women with BMIs of > 30 kg/m2 (OR: 2.94, CI 1.65–5.24), those who were primary school graduates or illiterate (OR: 2.96, CI 1.6–5.46), and those with SNND values of 22–25 cm (OR: 2.94, CI 1.79–4.82). In these women, drinking more than 6 cups of tea a day (OR: 2.15, CI 1.32–3.5), smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day (OR: 2.94, CI 1.78–4.83), and drinking alcohol at least once a week (OR: 2.1, CI 1.12–3.91) were found to be important factors that increased the risk of mastalgia. As a result, it has been found that severe mastalgia complaints cause by obesity, sagging breasts, never giving birth, unemployment anxiety, regular smoking, alcohol use, and excessive tea consumption.

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