PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA—A SANITATION PROBLEM1 2

1953 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Parker ◽  
A. L. Coldwell ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Psychrophilic Bacteria ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Complex Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Salts ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The Weber and Black method for evaluating germicides was used to compare the efficiency of hypochlorite and quarternary ammonium compounds in the destruction of representative psychrophilic bacteria isolated from defective milk products. Under conditions of the test, hypochlorites displayed a more rapid germicide action than quaternary ammonium compounds against suspensions of the psychrophilic bacteria studied. The germicidal action of a quaternary ammonium compound was markedly stimulated by the addition of certain complex phosphate salts.

“INHIBITION” OF STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS BY A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND IN CHEESE MILKS

1952 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 278-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. Curry ◽  
Franklin W. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The inhibition of lactic acid bacteria by quaternary ammonium compounds in milk has been shown to be an effect on acid production and not upon growth. Lactic acid production is affected by concentrations of 2.5 – 10 ppm, while growth is not affected unless the concentration is 25 – 50 ppm.

Rapid Screening Test for the Evaluation of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds by Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Reduction by Microorganisms

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1228
Author(s):  
Raymond J Sitkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Test System ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Rapid Screening Test ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Abstract A rapid screening test has been developed to determine killing dilutions of quaternary ammonium compounds. Two factors, Letheen broth as a quaternary ammonium compound neutralizer and triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a microbial growth indicator, resulted in a rapid test system for the evaluation of quaternary ammonium compounds. This rapid test system takes from 4 to 8 hr to complete as opposed to the 24 to 48 hr for other tests. A new germicide can be bacteriologically screened in one day.

Surface Modification for Cotton Fiber and its Antimicrobial Characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 2067-2070
Author(s):  
Fei Zhou ◽  
Jing Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dimethyl Ammonium ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds, Couple, Cotton fiber, Antibacterial activity. Abstract. a gemini-type quaternary ammonium compound with a hydroxyl group in their spacer chain, 4,5-bis(dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide)-1-pentanol (called as DAP12), was immobilized on the surface of cotton fiber by using a silane coupler, tetraethoxysilane and a novel antibacterial cotton fiber (called as CF12) was prepared. Antibacterial characteristics of CF12 were investigated comparatively with [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] octadecyldimethylammonium chloride(TPOAC), a mono-type quaternary ammonium salt. CF12 had excellent antibacterial characteristics in the wide range of environmental pH and temperature, which is not weakened even if 30 times repetitive use. The experimental results indicated also that CF12 has higher antimicrobial activity than TPOAC immobilized on the surface of cotton fiber against a broad range of microorganisms, and average inhibition ratio against 15 strains of gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and yeasts is 99.0% at 30 °C and pH 6.0.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Osmotic Activation of the Quaternary Ammonium Compound Transporter (QacT) of Lactobacillus plantarum

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (21) ◽  
pp. 5540-5546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Glaasker ◽  
Esther H. M. L. Heuberger ◽  
Wil N. Konings ◽  
Bert Poolman
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Membrane Stretch ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

ABSTRACT The accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds inLactobacillus plantarum is mediated via a single transport system with a high affinity for glycine betaine (apparentKm of 18 μM) and carnitine and a low affinity for proline (apparent Km of 950 μM) and other analogues. Mutants defective in the uptake of glycine betaine were generated by UV irradiation and selected on the basis of resistance to dehydroproline (DHP), a toxic proline analogue. Three independent DHP-resistant mutants showed reduced glycine betaine uptake rates and accumulation levels but behaved similarly to the wild type in terms of direct activation of uptake by high-osmolality conditions. Kinetic analysis of glycine betaine uptake and efflux in the wild-type and mutant cells is consistent with one uptake system for quaternary ammonium compounds in L. plantarum and a separate system(s) for their excretion. The mechanism of osmotic activation of the quaternary ammonium compound transport system (QacT) was studied. It was observed that the uptake rates were inhibited by the presence of internal substrate. Upon raising of the medium osmolality, the QacT system was rapidly activated (increase in maximal velocity) through a diminished inhibition by trans substrate as well as an effect that is independent of intracellular substrate. We also studied the effects of the cationic amphipath chlorpromazine, which inserts into the cytoplasmic membrane and thereby influences the uptake and efflux of glycine betaine. The results provide further evidence for the notion that the rapid efflux of glycine betaine upon osmotic downshock is mediated by a channel protein that is responding to membrane stretch or tension. The activation of QacT upon osmotic upshock seems to be brought about by a turgor-related parameter other than membrane stretch or tension.

COMPARATIVE DESTRUCTION OF AIR-BORNE LACTIC BACTERIOPHAGES BY VARIOUS GERMICIDES APPLIED AS AEROSOLS1,2

1964 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Sing ◽  
P. R. Elliker ◽  
W. E. Sandine
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Virucidal Activity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid

Summary The chlorine-releasing compounds were highly effective in destroying air-borne lactic streptococcus bacteriophages 144F and 18–16. At a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine in the chamber, which was attained with 1000 ppm available chlorine in the solution applied, the inactivation was 99.999% or better. Of the various germicides tested, the quaternary ammonium compound and phosphoric acid wetting agent were found to be least effective as virucidal aerosols. Incorporation of chelating agents (EDTA) with quaternary ammonium compounds, to enhance their virucidal activity, was unsuccessful. The effectiveness of iodophor applied as an aerosol, was progressively greater with increasing concentration; however, undesirable side effects such as a heavy brown residue on all surfaces contacted and undesirable odors were noted. The study of corrosive effects by germicides on various metals indicated that of the chlorine-containing compounds, dichloroisocyanuric acid was least corrosive. Phosphoric acid wetting agents were the least corrosive of all compounds tested. Results of this study suggested that the chlorine-containing compounds, when applied as an aerosol at sufficiently high concentration, should provide the most effective agents for sanitizing procedures for the control of bacteriophages in the air and on building and equipment surfaces. The results further indicated that a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine or more in the air provided most effective phage destruction under experimental conditions. This concentration was provided by the equivalent of 1 to 1.5 liters of 1000 ppm applied as an aerosol per 1000 ft3 of space. Present state of knowledge would indicate that dichloroisocyanuric acid should be an effective and practical compound for control of bacteriophage in dairy plants. In addition to being highly virucidal, dichloroisocyanuric acid also has a low rate of corrosion.

scholarly journals Mutational Upregulation of a Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division-Type Multidrug Efflux Pump, SdeAB, upon Exposure to a Biocide, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, and Antibiotic Resistance in Serratia marcescens

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 5230-5235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Maseda ◽  
Yumiko Hashida ◽  
Rumi Konaka ◽  
Akihiro Shirai ◽  
Hiroki Kourai
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pump ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

ABSTRACT Serratia marcescens is an important opportunistic pathogen in hospitals, where quaternary ammonium compounds are often used for disinfection. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of a biocide on the emergence of biocide- and antibiotic-resistant mutants and to characterize the molecular mechanism of biocide resistance in Serratia marcescens. A quaternary ammonium compound-resistant strain, CRes01, was selected by exposing a wild-type strain of S. marcescens to cetylpyridinium chloride. The CRes01 cells exhibited 2- to 16-fold more resistance than the wild-type cells to biocides and antibiotics, including cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, and showed increased susceptibilities to β-lactam antibiotics and N-dodecylpyridinium iodide. Mutant cells accumulated lower levels of norfloxacin than the parent cells in an energized state but not in a de-energized state, suggesting that the strain produced a multidrug efflux pump(s). To verify this assumption, we knocked out a putative efflux pump gene, sdeAB, in CRes01 and found that the knockout restored susceptibility to most quaternary ammonium compounds and antibiotics, to which the CRes01 strain showed resistance. On the basis of these and other results, we concluded that S. marcescens gains resistance to both biocides and antibiotics by expressing the SdeAB efflux pump upon exposure to cetylpyridinium chloride.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization and plasmid profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and Quaternary ammonium compound E delta 1 gene producing multi-resistant Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasha Elkenany ◽  
Rasha Eltaysh ◽  
Mona Elsayed ◽  
Mohamed Abdel-daim
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Genotypic Analysis ◽  
Encoding Genes

Abstract Background Multi-resistant Shigella species recovered from raw cow milk and milk products has predominated all over the world especially extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and Quaternary ammonium compound E delta 1 (qacE∆1) genes. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic and disinfectant resistance phenotypes and genotypes as well as plasmid profiles of Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products in Egypt. The genotypic analysis was determined for the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-1 and blaSHV), tetA(A) and qacE∆. Results Twenty-one (7%) of Shigella isolates (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. sonnei) were recovered with S. dysenteriae as the most predominant types. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed 71.4% of multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates. High resistance rates were observed to tetracyclines (100%), ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate (90.5%, each) and cefaclor (66.7%), whilst no resistance was detected against imipenem, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and azithromycin. Disinfectant susceptibility test of Shigella isolates revealed resistance to phenolic compound (vanillic), while 85.7% of Shigella isolates were benzalkonium chloride resistant. Uniplex PCR analysis exhibit presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM in all isolates and blaCTX-M in 28.6% of isolates), tetA(A) in all isolates and 85.7% isolates positive for qacE∆1, while all isolates were negative for blaOXA-1 and blaSHV. All Shigella extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers (6, 100%) were positive for blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and qacE∆1 genes. Furthermore, plasmid profiling revealed seven distinct plasmid patterns (P1-P7) ranging from 1.26 to 33.61 kb among all Shigella strains; S. dysenteriae displayed the greatest variance. The co-transfer of β-lactamase genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) and qacE∆1 genes was observed by conjugation. Conclusions S. dysenteriae was the most common identified types in the examined sources. Also, the findings imply the emergence of multi-resistant Shigella species either multi-resistant to antibiotics (particularly ESBL producer strains) or disinfectants in Egypt. Thus, the resistance of Shigella species should regularly be monitored and appropriate measures should be taken to manage this problem.

scholarly journals Plasmid profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and quaternary ammonium compound E delta 1 gene held multi-resistant Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasha Elkenany ◽  
Rasha Eltaysh ◽  
Mona Elsayed ◽  
Mohamed Abdel-Daim
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Genotypic Analysis ◽  
Encoding Genes

Abstract Background Multi-resistant Shigella species recovered from raw cow milk and milk products has predominated all over the world especially extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and Quaternary ammonium compound E delta 1 (qacE∆1) genes. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic and disinfectant resistance phenotypes and genotypes as well as plasmid profiles of Shigella species isolated from raw cow milk and milk products in Egypt. The genotypic analysis was determined for the presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-1 and blaSHV), tetA(A) and qacE∆. Results Twenty-one (7%) of Shigella isolates (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. sonnei) were recovered with S. dysenteriae as the most predominant types. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed 71.4% of multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates. High resistance rates were observed to tetracyclines (100%), ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate (90.5%, each) and cefaclor (66.7%), whilst no resistance was detected against imipenem, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and azithromycin. Disinfectant susceptibility test of Shigella isolates revealed resistance to phenolic compound (vanillic), while 85.7% of Shigella isolates were benzalkonium chloride resistant. Uniplex PCR analysis exhibit presence of β-lactamase encoding genes (blaTEM in all isolates and blaCTX-M in 28.6% of isolates), tetA(A) in all isolates and 85.7% isolates positive for qacE∆1, while all isolates were negative for blaOXA-1 and blaSHV. All Shigella extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers (6, 100%) were positive for blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and qacE∆1 genes. Furthermore, plasmid profiling revealed seven distinct plasmid patterns (P1-P7) ranging from 1.26 to 33.61 kb among all Shigella strains; S. dysenteriae displayed the greatest variance. The co-transfer of β-lactamase genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) and qacE∆1 genes was observed by conjugation. Conclusions S. dysenteriae was the most common identified types in the examined sources. Also, the findings imply the emergence of multi-resistant Shigella species either multi-resistant to antibiotics (particularly ESBL producer strains) or disinfectants in Egypt. Thus, the resistance of Shigella species should regularly be monitored and appropriate measures should be taken to manage this problem.

Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food products by the method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass-spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
V. G. Amelin ◽  
D. S. Bolshakov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Resolution Mass

The goal of the study is developing a methodology for determination of the residual amounts of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in food products by UHPLC/high-resolution mass spectrometry after water-acetonitrile extraction of the determined components from the analyzed samples. The identification and determination of QAC was carried out on an «UltiMate 3000» ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (Thermo Scientific, USA) equipped with a «maXis 4G» high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric detector and an ion spray «ionBooster» source (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Samples of milk, cheese (upper cortical layer), dumplings, pork, chicken skin and ground beef were used as working samples. Optimal conditions are specified for chromatographic separation of the mixture of five QAC, two of them being a mixture of homologues with a linear structure (including isomeric forms). The identification of QAC is carried out by the retention time, exact mass of the ions, and coincidence of the mSigma isotopic distribution. The limits for QAC detection are 0.1 – 0.5 ng/ml, the determination limits are 1 ng/ml for aqueous standard solutions. The determinable content of QAC in food products ranges within 1 – 100 ng/g. The results of analysis revealed the residual amount of QAC present in all samples, which confirms data of numerous sources of information about active use of QAC-based disinfectants in the meat and dairy industry. The correctness of the obtained results is verified by introduction of the additives in food products at a level of 10 ng/g for each QAC. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.18. The duration of the analysis is 30 – 40 min.

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