COMPARATIVE DESTRUCTION OF AIR-BORNE LACTIC BACTERIOPHAGES BY VARIOUS GERMICIDES APPLIED AS AEROSOLS1,2

1964 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Sing ◽  
P. R. Elliker ◽  
W. E. Sandine
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Virucidal Activity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid

Summary The chlorine-releasing compounds were highly effective in destroying air-borne lactic streptococcus bacteriophages 144F and 18–16. At a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine in the chamber, which was attained with 1000 ppm available chlorine in the solution applied, the inactivation was 99.999% or better. Of the various germicides tested, the quaternary ammonium compound and phosphoric acid wetting agent were found to be least effective as virucidal aerosols. Incorporation of chelating agents (EDTA) with quaternary ammonium compounds, to enhance their virucidal activity, was unsuccessful. The effectiveness of iodophor applied as an aerosol, was progressively greater with increasing concentration; however, undesirable side effects such as a heavy brown residue on all surfaces contacted and undesirable odors were noted. The study of corrosive effects by germicides on various metals indicated that of the chlorine-containing compounds, dichloroisocyanuric acid was least corrosive. Phosphoric acid wetting agents were the least corrosive of all compounds tested. Results of this study suggested that the chlorine-containing compounds, when applied as an aerosol at sufficiently high concentration, should provide the most effective agents for sanitizing procedures for the control of bacteriophages in the air and on building and equipment surfaces. The results further indicated that a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine or more in the air provided most effective phage destruction under experimental conditions. This concentration was provided by the equivalent of 1 to 1.5 liters of 1000 ppm applied as an aerosol per 1000 ft3 of space. Present state of knowledge would indicate that dichloroisocyanuric acid should be an effective and practical compound for control of bacteriophage in dairy plants. In addition to being highly virucidal, dichloroisocyanuric acid also has a low rate of corrosion.

EFFECT OF CHELATING AGENTS ON DESTRUCTION OF STREPTOCOCCUS CREMORIS BACTERIOPHAGE BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS1

1960 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 360-362
Author(s):  
Sprague Watkins ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Virucidal Activity ◽  
Streptococcus Cremoris ◽  
New Information ◽  
Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate

As observed in earlier trials with bacterial cells, destructive activity of a quaternary ammonium compound against S. cremoris phage was increased by addition of chelating agents to the virucide. Concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm ethylenediamine tetraacetate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate sharply increased virucidal activity of 25 ppm quaternary, an effect observed earlier with chelating agents and quaternaries against certain bacterial species. Results suggest desirability of incorporation of chelating agents in quaternaries for sanitization not only for bacterial but also for bacteriophage destruction. The results also provide new information that may lead to a better understanding of mechanism of action of quaternaries against microorganisms.

Surface Modification for Cotton Fiber and its Antimicrobial Characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 2067-2070
Author(s):  
Fei Zhou ◽  
Jing Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dimethyl Ammonium ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds, Couple, Cotton fiber, Antibacterial activity. Abstract. a gemini-type quaternary ammonium compound with a hydroxyl group in their spacer chain, 4,5-bis(dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide)-1-pentanol (called as DAP12), was immobilized on the surface of cotton fiber by using a silane coupler, tetraethoxysilane and a novel antibacterial cotton fiber (called as CF12) was prepared. Antibacterial characteristics of CF12 were investigated comparatively with [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] octadecyldimethylammonium chloride(TPOAC), a mono-type quaternary ammonium salt. CF12 had excellent antibacterial characteristics in the wide range of environmental pH and temperature, which is not weakened even if 30 times repetitive use. The experimental results indicated also that CF12 has higher antimicrobial activity than TPOAC immobilized on the surface of cotton fiber against a broad range of microorganisms, and average inhibition ratio against 15 strains of gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and yeasts is 99.0% at 30 °C and pH 6.0.

PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA—A SANITATION PROBLEM1 2

1953 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Parker ◽  
A. L. Coldwell ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Psychrophilic Bacteria ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Complex Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Salts ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The Weber and Black method for evaluating germicides was used to compare the efficiency of hypochlorite and quarternary ammonium compounds in the destruction of representative psychrophilic bacteria isolated from defective milk products. Under conditions of the test, hypochlorites displayed a more rapid germicide action than quaternary ammonium compounds against suspensions of the psychrophilic bacteria studied. The germicidal action of a quaternary ammonium compound was markedly stimulated by the addition of certain complex phosphate salts.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Osmotic Activation of the Quaternary Ammonium Compound Transporter (QacT) of Lactobacillus plantarum

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (21) ◽  
pp. 5540-5546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Glaasker ◽  
Esther H. M. L. Heuberger ◽  
Wil N. Konings ◽  
Bert Poolman
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Membrane Stretch ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

ABSTRACT The accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds inLactobacillus plantarum is mediated via a single transport system with a high affinity for glycine betaine (apparentKm of 18 μM) and carnitine and a low affinity for proline (apparent Km of 950 μM) and other analogues. Mutants defective in the uptake of glycine betaine were generated by UV irradiation and selected on the basis of resistance to dehydroproline (DHP), a toxic proline analogue. Three independent DHP-resistant mutants showed reduced glycine betaine uptake rates and accumulation levels but behaved similarly to the wild type in terms of direct activation of uptake by high-osmolality conditions. Kinetic analysis of glycine betaine uptake and efflux in the wild-type and mutant cells is consistent with one uptake system for quaternary ammonium compounds in L. plantarum and a separate system(s) for their excretion. The mechanism of osmotic activation of the quaternary ammonium compound transport system (QacT) was studied. It was observed that the uptake rates were inhibited by the presence of internal substrate. Upon raising of the medium osmolality, the QacT system was rapidly activated (increase in maximal velocity) through a diminished inhibition by trans substrate as well as an effect that is independent of intracellular substrate. We also studied the effects of the cationic amphipath chlorpromazine, which inserts into the cytoplasmic membrane and thereby influences the uptake and efflux of glycine betaine. The results provide further evidence for the notion that the rapid efflux of glycine betaine upon osmotic downshock is mediated by a channel protein that is responding to membrane stretch or tension. The activation of QacT upon osmotic upshock seems to be brought about by a turgor-related parameter other than membrane stretch or tension.

“INHIBITION” OF STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS BY A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND IN CHEESE MILKS

1952 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 278-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. Curry ◽  
Franklin W. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The inhibition of lactic acid bacteria by quaternary ammonium compounds in milk has been shown to be an effect on acid production and not upon growth. Lactic acid production is affected by concentrations of 2.5 – 10 ppm, while growth is not affected unless the concentration is 25 – 50 ppm.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Detection of qac Genes from Disinfectant-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Salon Tools in Ishaka Town, Bushenyi District of Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Solange Gahongayire ◽  
Adamu Almustapha Aliero ◽  
Charles Drago Kato ◽  
Alice Namatovu
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Phenotypic Methods

Bacterial infections are on a rise with causal-resistant strains increasing the economic burden to both patients and healthcare providers. Salons are recently reported as one of the sources for transmission of such resistant bacterial strains. The current study aimed at the identification of the prevalent bacteria and characterization of quaternary ammonium compound (qac) genes from disinfectant-resistant S. aureus isolated from salon tools in Ishaka town, Bushenyi District of Uganda. A total of 125 swabs were collected from different salon tools (combs, brushes, scissors, clippers, and shaving machines), and prevalent bacteria were isolated using standard microbiological methods. Identification of isolated bacteria was done using standard phenotypic methods including analytical profile index (API). Susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria to disinfectant were determined using the agar well diffusion method. Quaternary ammonium compound (qac) genes (qacA/B and qacC) associated with disinfectant resistances were detected from disinfectant-resistant S. aureus using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing methods. Of the 125 swab samples collected from salons, 78 (62.4%) were contaminated with different bacteria species. Among the salon tools, clippers had the highest contamination of 20 (80.0%), while shaving machines had the lowest contamination of 11 (44.0%). The most prevalent bacteria identified were Staphylococcus epidermidis (28.1%) followed by S. aureus (26.5%). Of all the disinfectants tested, the highest resistance was shown with sodium hypochlorite 1%. Out of the eight (8) disinfectant-resistant S. aureus analysed for qac genes, 2 (25%) isolates (STP6 and STP9) were found to be qacA/B positive, while 2 (25%) isolates (STP8 and STP9) were found to be qacC gene positive. This study has shown that bacterial contamination of salon tools is common, coupled with resistance to disinfectants with sodium hypochlorite resistance being more common. Furthermore, observed resistance was attributed to the presence of qac genes among S. aureus isolates. A search for qac genes for disinfectant resistance from other bacteria species is recommended.

Building a Better Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QAC): Branched Tetracationic Antiseptic Amphiphiles

ChemMedChem ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 1401-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Forman ◽  
Megan C. Jennings ◽  
William M. Wuest ◽  
Kevin P. C. Minbiole
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound

Effect of Temperature and Contact Time on the Activity of Eight Disinfectants - A Classification

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GÉLINAS ◽  
J. GOULET ◽  
G. M. TASTAYRE ◽  
G. A. PICARD
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Amphoteric Surfactant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The combined influence of temperature (4, 20, 37 and 50°C) and contact time (10, 20 and 30 min) on the efficacy of eight commercial disinfectants was evaluated by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists use-dilution method. An increase of temperature greatly enhanced the activity of all tested solutions, particularly glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine acetate and the amphoteric surfactant, whereas contact time mainly enhanced the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, the quaternary ammonium compound and the amphoteric surfactant. Temperature and contact time influenced the activity profile of the disinfectants tested, with a maximum efficacy near the optimum growth temperature (37°C) of the test organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442). This organism was highly resistant to the amphoteric surfactant as well as to the two quaternary ammonium compounds. Classification of disinfectants is proposed on the basis of their mode of action, temperature dependence and activation energies, heat and light stability, and tolerance to organic matter.

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