A METHOD FOR MEASURING DISH TEMPERATURE IN COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Scalzo ◽  
R. W. Dickerson ◽  
R. B. Read
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

Paper thermometers that change, irreversibly, from white to black at a critical temperature were evaluated for measuring maximum surface temperature of dishes during commercial dishwashing in a single-tank, conveyor-type unit. A thermocouple, taped to a dish, was used to determine the maximum temperature attained at the surface of the dishes and this result was compared with a measurement obtained from a paper thermometer affixed to the dish. Temperature measurements by the two methods were within the 10 F span of the paper thermometer. Paper thermometers were found satisfactory for measuring the maximum temperature of the dish surface during dishwashing and also appear useful for routine checking of dishwasher performance.

Thermal Characteristic Analysis of Rectangular and Large-Capacity Lithium-Ion Power Batteries

2014 ◽  
Vol 1044-1045 ◽  
pp. 448-456
Author(s):  
Chun Jing Lin ◽  
Si Chuan Xu ◽  
Guo Feng Chang ◽  
Zhao Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Large Capacity ◽  
Surface Temperature Change ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

Operating temperature and thermal uniformity have great effect on the performance, cycle life and safety of lithium-ion power batteries. In order to investigate the surface temperature change and distribution of a large-capacity and rectangular LiFePO4/C power battery, this paper conducts experiments on charging and discharging a battery module and cell at different current rates and various ambient temperatures. Results of thermalcouple-measurement show that temperature rising rates at different temperatures during charge and discharge change in accordance with the variation tendency of the resistance at different state of charge (SOC) and oprating temperatures. Under elevated ambient temperatures, the temperature excurtion and maximum temperature difference of the module are all smaller. Under the same ambient temperature, battery temperature at the end moment of discharge increases and the temperature uniformity of the module deteriorate at higher discharging rate. Temperature excurtion over the same time period is in a relationship of a standard quadratic function with the discharge current. Results of the thermal infrared imaging tests show that the maximum surface temperature differences at different discharging currents of 20A, 40A, and 80A are all above 5°C under natral convection heat transfer. The temperature of the lower part is higher than that of the upper part, while that of the central area is the highest. In a comprehensive charging and discharging scheme, the tendency of maximum surface temperature difference changes in accordance with that of the average surface temperature.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR EXPLOSION-PROOF LUMINAIRES

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian Moldovan ◽  
Sorin Burian ◽  
Mihai Magyari ◽  
Marius Darie ◽  
Dragos Fotau
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

Thermal Non-Newtonian Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Line Contacts Under Simple Sliding Conditions

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao Wang ◽  
T. F. Conry ◽  
C. Cusano
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Simple Formulation ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Line Contacts ◽  
Traction Coefficient ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

A computationally simple formulation for the stationary surface temperature is developed to examine the thermal non-Newtonian EHD problem for line contacts under simple sliding conditions. Numerical results obtained are used to develop a formula for a thermal and non-Newtonian (Ree-Eyring) film thickness reduction factor. Results for the maximum surface temperature and traction coefficient are also presented. The thermal effects on film thickness and traction are found to be more pronounced for simple sliding than for combined sliding and rolling conditions.

scholarly journals Determining the maximum surface temperature for non-electrical equipment aiming at explosion prevention at protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 305 ◽  
pp. 00026
Author(s):  
Adrian Marius Jurca ◽  
Niculina Vătavu ◽  
Leonard Lupu ◽  
Mihai Popa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

Non-electrical equipment has been used for over 150 years in industries with potentially explosive atmospheres and great experience has been gained with regard to the application of protective measures to reduce the risk of ignition down to an acceptable safety level. The use of non-electrical equipment in explosive atmospheres required the development of specific requirements with regard to the concept of protection against the ignition of explosive atmospheres, which to clearly define protection measures and to include the experience gained and extended over the years. The practical studies, laboratory research and methods for assessing and testing the hazard of ignition by hot surfaces presented within the paper have as main purpose the improvement of ignition hazard assessment in different operating conditions.

Temperature Rise at the Sliding Contact Interface for a Coated Semi-Infinite Body

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Tian ◽  
F. E. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Peclet Number ◽  
Integral Transform ◽  
Sliding Contact ◽  
Contact Interface ◽  
Péclet Number ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

In this paper, a three-dimensional model of a semi-infinite layered body is used to predict steady-state maximum surface temperature rise at the sliding contact interface for the entire range of Peclet number. A set of semi-empirical solutions for maximum surface temperature problems of sliding layered bodies is obtained by using integral transform, finite element, heuristic and multivariable regression techniques. Two dimensionless parameters, A and Dp, which relate to coating thickness, contact size, sliding speed and thermal properties of both coating and substrate materials, are found to be the critical factors determining the effect of surface film on the surface temperature rise at a sliding contact interface. A semi-empirical solution for maximum surface temperature problems of homogeneous bodies, which covers the whole range of Peclet number, is also obtained.

Comparison of the Ablation Mechanism of C/C-SiC Composite under Atmospheric and Low Pressure

2014 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberson J. Silva ◽  
Homero S. Maciel ◽  
Alexei M. Essiptchouk ◽  
Gilberto Petraconi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

Comparisons of heating tests at atmospheric pressure and low pressure by using a thermal plasma torch were performed. A constant heat flux on the sample surface was applied in the study of the oxidation mechanism of C/C-SiC composite, used in thermal protection systems. The SEM and EDS analysis show an intensive glassification at the surface, which are strongly depend on the oxygen partial pressure and the sample surface temperature. For vacuum conditions, at maximum surface temperature of 1450 °C and the oxygen partial pressure of about 66 Pa, a uniform passivation layer of SiO2 is formed. At atmospheric pressure, under an oxygen partial pressure of 2.1×104 Pa, the maximum surface temperature is 400 °C higher than obtained in vacuum, reaching levels of 1850°C. Under these conditions, the protective oxide layer is partially volatilized with time, increasing the specific mass loss rate by a sublimation of the composite, directly exposed to the plasma jet. This effect is alike to what occurs in the process of transition from passive to active oxidation of SiC.

scholarly journals Author Correction: Decadal trends in Red Sea maximum surface temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Chaidez ◽  
D. Dreano ◽  
S. Agusti ◽  
C. M. Duarte ◽  
I. Hoteit
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature
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