FLAVOR CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MILK1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
J. J. Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Flavor Score ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Cell Concentrations

Flavor is one characteristic of quality in raw milk. Presence of abnormality, as reflected in somatic cell levels, is considered aesthetically undesirable and may well affect the flavor characteristics of raw milk. Raw milk producer samples were analyzed for flavor, somatic cell concentration, acid degree value, total and coliform bacteria, pH, butterfat, and total solids. There was an inverse relationship between flavor score and acid degree value. Results did not confirm the supposition that somatic cell concentrations may affect the flavor of raw milk.

THE EFFECT OF SOMATIC CELL CONCENTRATION IN THE RAW MILK ON THE SHELF-LIFE OF THE PROCESSED PRODUCT1

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Solids

The effect of somatic cell concentration in raw milk on its flavor and shelf-life after pasteurization was determined. Individual quarter and cow samples were used in this study. The milk was laboratory pasteurized at 145 F/30 min and stored at 38–42 F. The raw milk was evaluated for flavor and analyzed for somatic cells (WMT), CMT, chlorides, lactose, fat, protein, and total solids. The pasteurized product was examined organoleptically at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days storage. All flavor evaluations were made on coded samples, by experienced judges. A highly significant correlation was observed between somatic cell concentration and flavor scores of the pasteurized product at 0, 7, and 14 days shelf-life. This significance was based on correlation analysis and not on variations in mean flavor scores. A highly significant correlation was noted between somatic cells, CMT score, and percent chloride.

FIELD EVALUATION OF AN OPTICAL SOMATIC CELL COUNTER FOR MILK

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 562-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Schultze
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Instrument Response ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Cell Counter

The Technicon Optical Somatic Cell Counter (OSCC) was studied for its utility in determining the somatic cell concentration in raw milk. Over the range of 30,000 to 1,600,000 cells per milliliter, dilutions of a milk sample or a stabilized turkey erythrocyte standard elicited a smooth but slightly curvilinear instrument response. Thirty milk samples of cell concentration clustering closely around 1,500,000 cells per milliliter were analyzed in triplicate. From an analysis of variance of the uncorrected instrument readout we computed an LSD.01 of 1.48 major chart scale divisions, which is a sensitivity of 2.0% at 1,500,000 cells per milliliter. Determinations were made on bulk tank milks ranging from 100,000 to 1,600,000 cells per milliliter. Chart peak values and Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Counts (DMSCC) were highly correlated (0.96) when operating at either 30 or 60 samples per hour. Apparent inadequacies of the turkey erythrocyte calibration system may account for the discrepancy between the slope of the calibration curve and the regression lines. The discrepancy was much greater at the faster sampling rate. In a comparison of split samples of milk by both OSCC and DMSCC in three laboratories, the OSCC averaged 20% higher than the DMSCC counts but yielded a much lower standard deviation.

Insights into Heap Bioleaching at the Agglomerate-Scale

2017 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Cox ◽  
Christopher G. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Dissolved Metals ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Heap Bioleaching ◽  
Cell Concentrations ◽  
The Difference

Previous agglomerate-scale heap bioleaching studies have outlined the variations in cell numbers of the liquid and attached phases during colonisation of sterilised ore by a pure culture. In this study, a mixed mesophilic culture was used in agglomerate-scale columns containing non-sterilised low-grade copper ore. Over a six - month period, columns were harvested at various intervals to provide snapshots of the metal distribution and the quantity, location, and ecological variations of mineral-oxidizing microbes within the ore bed. The initial colonisation period in this experiment was dissimilar to previous work, as the indigenous community was retained within the ore-bed throughout acid agglomeration. The overall colonisation phase lasted for approximately 1,000 hours until cell concentrations stabilised. In each column, less than 0.05% of the total cells were found in the leachate, 15-20% in the interstitial phase and the remaining ~80% were attached to the mineral surface. Once cell numbers had stabilised, interstitial cell concentrations were approximately 2,000× greater than those in the leachate. This difference persisted for the duration of the experiment. Copper concentrations in the two liquid phases generally decreased over time, but were on average 50× higher in the interstitial phase. Iron concentrations were more stable, but again were 30× higher in the interstitial phase. This demonstrates that that the difference in cell concentration between the leachate and interstitial phases cannot be explained through diffusion gradients within the system as it is much greater than those observed for the dissolved metals. It also shows that the specific environmental conditions of the interstitial and attached cells are very different to those inferred through analysis of leachates alone.

scholarly journals Bulk tank somatic cell count and associated microbial quality of milk from selected dairy cattle herds in Oyo State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufemi Olatoye ◽  
Adesola Amosun ◽  
Uzo Ogbu ◽  
Yemi Okunlade
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test

Improvement of traditional and nomadic milk production through dairy development program in Nigeria requires routine quality and safety monitoring of milk both at herd level and milk collection centers. A total of 411 bulk raw milk samples aseptically obtained from Ibarapa, Oyo and Oke-Ogun industrial milk collection centers were subjected to California Mastitis Test (CMT), Bulk Somatic Cell Count (BSCC) and bacteriological analysis for assessment of quality and safety of milk from the herds. One hundred and seven (26.0%) of the samples were CMT positive, while 74.0% were negative to CMT. The overall mean BSCC, TAC and TCC were 1.27×103 ± cells/mL, 1.12×103± 34 cfu/mL, 97.8±9.8 cfu/mL in the CMT negative milk samples while for the strong positive samples the mean BSCC, TAC and TCC were 4.33×106 ± cells/mL, 2.35×106 ± 453 cfu/mL, 189.3±41.1 cfu/mL respectively; these were higher than the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance acceptable limits. Positive correlation was found between CMT scores and bacterial contamination and between CMT scores and SCC was recorded. About 26.0% of the samples with positive CMT could be considered unsafe due to strong correlation with microbial contamination that could result in milk borne zoonoses and public health hazards. However, a greater proportion (76.9%) of the milk with negative CMT scores could be safe for human consumption after post-harvest pasteurization. Consequently, there is need to improve handling, environmental and milking hygiene; as well as proper herd and udder health management to improve quality and safety of Nigeria dairy products.

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Talukder ◽  
HM Manir Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Fluid Milk

Somatic cells are the most essential factors naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of monitoring mastitis incidence in the herd and also to assess the quality of milk. In addition, SCC is frequently used to determine quality payments to dairy producers. The SCC is directly related to get maximum milk production from individual cow and a lower SCC indicates better animal health, as somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder. SCC monitoring is important because as the number of somatic cells increases, milk yield is likely to fall, primarily due to the damage to milk-producing tissue in the udder caused by mastitis pathogens and the toxins they produce, particularly when epithelial cells are lost. Keeping low SSC will allow good quality more raw milk and provide a better product to milk processors whether used as fluid milk or converted to milk based products. Somatic cells containing lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes lead to degrade major nutrients fats and proteins, respectively. Elevated SCC is related to udder inflammation, which leads to alter the normal microbial count and physicochemical parameters of milk, as well as the quality of heat treated fluid milk and milk based product. The objective of this review is to discuss on the SSC and endogenous enzymes released from somatic cells in raw milk as well as effect of somatic cells count and their endogenous enzymes in processed milk and milk based products.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 1-9

scholarly journals Acceptance of Santo Giorno cheese typical of the Southwestern region of Paraná, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edimir Andrade Pereira ◽  
Roberta Roncatti ◽  
Carla Todescatto ◽  
Simone Beux ◽  
João Francisco Marchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Good Reproducibility ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
Box Plot ◽  
Effect Of Age

ABSTRACT: Santo Giorno cheese, obtained from raw milk and selected autochthonous starters, is emerging as the newest typical food product from the Southwestern region of Paraná, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptance of the cheese with two ripening times of 60 and 180 days, produced in two dairy factories, testing two starters and two preservatives. Subjective sensory evaluation was applied using 129 consumers and hedonic scales for the attributes and for purchasing intent. A questionnaire involving the rate of cheese consumption was also used. The results suggested good reproducibility of the cheese preparation by the dairy factories, with no significant differences between the type of preservative used and the suitability of the two types of starter tested. An inverse relationship between hedonic scores for attributes (appearance, color, odor, texture, flavor) and ripening time was observed, except for texture. By applying multinomial logistic regression and a box plot analysis, a significant effect of age on cheese purchasing intent was verified, with a mean acceptance rate of 87.8% for 60 days ageing and 81.8% for 180 days ageing. Results revealed a possible Santo Giorno cheese public of older consumers who had a cheese consuming habit.

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