Aflatoxin Conversion by Dairy Cattle Consuming Naturally-Contaminated Whole Cottonseed1

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALPH L. PRICE ◽  
J. H. PAULSON ◽  
OTIS G. LOUGH ◽  
CONRAD GINGG ◽  
ANDY G. KURTZ
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Whole Cottonseed

Whole cottonseed determined to have aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels of 5, 31, 104, 280, and 560 μg/kg was fed as 15% of the total dairy ration to a commercial herd of 90 grade Holstein dairy cattle for 70 d. Milk from the bulk tank was sampled either daily or after each milking and analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The ratio for AFB1 in the dairy ration to AFM1 in the milk averaged 75 to 1 under conditions and at levels tested with no consistent relation to the level of AFB1 in the feed. Approximately 1.6% conversion occurred during the steady state of consumption and secretion. The federal action level of 0.5 μg AFM1/L of milk would be produced by cows consuming a ration containing 15% whole cottonseed contaminated with approximately 250 μg AFB1/kg.

Ammoniation of Whole Cottonseed at Atmospheric Pressure and Ambient Temperature to Reduce Aflatoxin M1 in Milk1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. PRICE ◽  
O. G. LOUGH ◽  
W. H. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

Aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed was treated with 1 1/2% ammonia and 10% water and packed into a 3 m in diameter by 30-m long polyethylene bag and held for 21 d. The ammoniated cottonseed was fed to lactating dairy cattle in two different trials. (a) Ammoniated cottonseed was added to a standard dairy ration for 90 cows at a level of 3.5 kg per cow per day for 19 d. Non-ammoniated cottonseed was then fed at the same level for 7 d. Daily analysis of the milk from the bulk tank was performed. No differences in aflatoxin M1 from the background level of 0.1 μg/L was noted until the 22nd day of feeding. The maximum aflatoxin M1 level was reached at 0.55 μg/L on days 25–27. Levels returned to 0.1 μg/L 4 d after resumption of the feeding of the standard dairy ration. (b) Two and two tenths kg per day of ammoniated or non-ammoniated seed were added to rations of each of 6 dairy cows for 7 d. Milk samples were taken two milkings before feeding of the cottonseed, at each milking during the feeding and for 7 d after cottonseed feeding ceased. Analysis of milk for aflatoxin M1 showed a maximum level of 1.8 μg/L from the group receiving the untreated cottonseed and a maximum of 0.18 from the group receiving the ammoniated meal. Milk from both groups was negative for aflatoxin M1 6 d after cottonseed feeding ceased. Ammoniation of whole cottonseed included in the ration of dairy cattle was effective in reducing the amount of aflatoxin M1 in their milk by approximately 90% but not in completely eliminating it at treatment conditions used.

Reduction of Milk Contamination with Aflatoxin-M1 through Vaccination of Dairy Cattle with Aflatoxin-B1 Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Milk Contamination ◽  
Before And After

Aflatoxin M1 is one of mycotoxin derivatives, which is secreted in milk of dairy cattle fed on feed contaminated with Aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1). The current study was designed to prepare a vaccine against AFB1and to evaluate its efficacy in reducing or preventing secretion of AFM1 in milk. Aflatoxin-B1 was prepared, purified and transformed into oxime, then it was fixed on bovine serum albumins. The AFB1-BSA conjugate was adjuvanted with Gold Nano particles then Montanide ISA 206. The prepared vaccine was used for immunization of rabbits by S/c routes as 100 µg/dose and dairy cattle by I/M routes as 500 µg/dose. The vaccinated animals were boosted at 3 weeks post primary immunization. Serum samples were collected and examined for the anti-AFB1 using AGPT. A mean titer of 15.2 AGPU/ml was detected at 2 weeks post primary vaccination then significantly increased till reached to 76.8 AGPU/ml at 6 weeks post Booster vaccination. All vaccinated rabbits were challenged with dose of 0.3 mg AFB1 toxin/Kg. The vaccinated rabbit showed 100% protection and no AFB1 toxin residue was detected in their livers. Milk samples were collected from non-vaccinated and AFB1-immunized dairy cattle then examined with ELISA for quantitation of AFM1 residues before and after vaccination. The results showed that the prepared AFB1 vaccine was safe, potent and able to reduce AFM1 release in milk of vaccinated heifers by 70%. So the vaccination of lactating animals with the AFB1vaccine might represent a valid tool for the prevention of AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products.

Corn silage as a source of aflatoxin B1 in feed for dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 2759-2764
Author(s):  
DRAGAN GLAMOČIĆ ◽  
MIROSLAVA POLOVINSKI HORVATOVIĆ ◽  
IGOR JAJIĆ ◽  
SAŠA KRSTOVIĆ ◽  
MIRKO IVKOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Corn Grain

Nutrition of dairy cattle is based on two components, concentrates and forages. The main forages in Vojvodina, north province of Serbia is silage made from the whole plant of corn. After the outbreak of aflatoxin B1 in corn in 2012, the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn as a source of contamination of aflatoxin M1 in milk was very broadly investigated. There is no data regarding the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in silage and how much silage can contribute to the overall intake of aflatoxin B1 in this region. This work is an attempt to estimate how much silage, in condition and practice used in Vojvodina, contributes to the intake of aflatoxin B1, and consequently aflatoxin M1 in milk. In total, 82 samples of corn grain and 72 samples of corn silage were analyzed on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 during 2017-2018 period. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 13.41% of corn samples in the range from 6.82 to 187.5 ppb (average 63.5 ppb). All positive samples were from 2017, while no positive samples were found during 2018. Incidence of aflatoxin B1 in silage was 54.17% in the range of 3.5-58.0 ppb (12% moisture content) or 0.95-16.1 ppb in the fresh matter. Results suggest that silage can be a significant factor to overall intake of aflatoxin B1 and that further research is needed.

Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in diets of dairy cattle and aflatoxin M1 in raw milk

2012 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. S51-S52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ortiz-Martinez Raul ◽  
Arturo Valdivia-Flores ◽  
MA. Carolina de Luna-Lopez ◽  
Teodulo Quezada-Tristan ◽  
Armando Martinez-de Anda
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in maize silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Glamočić ◽  
Miroslava Polovinski Horvatović ◽  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Darko Guljaš
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract Silage made from the whole-plant maize is one of the most popular forages in Serbia. Consumption of maize silage by cows can be up to 30-35 kg/day. In Serbia in the few last years in the focus of the public and agriculture community were two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and its metabolite aflatoxin M1 due to the outbreak of contaminated maize which affected the Balkans in 2012. Maize is regularly checked on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, however forages are often neglected as a potential source of mycotoxins in the nutrition of dairy cattle. In this work, 48 samples of maize silage were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Samples were collected from three regions (Bačka, Banat and Srem) in Vojvodina. In all samples, at least one mycotoxin above the limit of quantification was measured. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 36 (75%) samples. In two samples from Banat, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 exceeded the maximum level (ML) set by Serbian regulation (30 µg/kg at moisture content of 12%). In seven samples, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was above 20 µg/kg which is the EU regulated ML. Average concentration of ochratoxin A was 10.4 µg/kg, while the maximum measured value was 34.3 µg/kg. Maximum zearalenone content in all samples was 538 µg/kg while the average zearalenone concentration was 138 µg/kg. The results from this research point out that mycotoxin contaminated silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia can significantly contribute to daily intake of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cattle.

scholarly journals Application of Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup to Aflatoxin M1 Determination and Survey in Cheese

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DRAGACCI ◽  
J. M. FREMY
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Immunoaffinity Columns

Milk products such as cheeses may be contaminated by aflatoxin M1 when manufactured with milk from dairy cattle that have consumed aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds. The usefulness of immunoaffinity columns to determine aflatoxin M1 content in many kinds of cheeses with very good recoveries is demonstrated. The analysis of aflatoxin M1 in a 1990 to 1995 limited survey in France shows that the occurrence of this mycotoxin in cheeses is rather infrequent. With the exception of samples from 1989 to 1990 when aflatoxin B1-contaminated maize meals were incidentally imported to supplement dairy cattle feed, very few samples were found with above 0.200 μg of aflatoxin M1 per kg of cheese, the maximum acceptable level.

Aflatoxin Residues in Milk of Dairy Cows after Ingestion of Naturally Contaminated Grain

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. FROBISH ◽  
B. D. BRADLEY ◽  
D. D. WAGNER ◽  
P. E. LONG-BRADLEY ◽  
H. HAIRSTON
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Effect

Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows, blocked according to level of milk production, were fed cottonseed meal contaminated with aflatoxin B1, (AFB1) (0, 94, 241 and 500 μg/kg) as 20% of their ration (equivalent to 0, 20, 48 and 104 μg/kg in complete feed). Within 12 h, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appeared in the milk of all cows receiving contaminated feed. The mean AFM1 concentrations in the milk approached steady-state conditions (0.35, 0.63 and 1.61 μg/L for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively) at 24 h and returned to the Food and Drug Administration action level of 0.5 μg/L or lower within 24 h after removal of the contaminated feed. The ratio of AFB1 in the feed to AFM1 in the milk averaged 66:1. The mean percent of daily AFB1 intake that was transferred to AFM1 was 1.74. This value was unaffected by the concentration of AFB1 in the feed (1.89, 1.55 and 1.81% transferred for treatments of 20, 48 and 104 μg AFB1/kg, respectively). Although increased milk production had no effect on the concentration of AFM1 in the milk, it had a positive effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the percent of AFB1 intake transferred to AFM1 (2.14 vs 1.35%). In a second trial, 16 additional cows were fed either naturally contaminated cottonseed meal or corn (44 and 49 μg/kg, respectively, on a complete feed basis). The percent of AFB1 intake secreted as AFM1 was affected (P ≤ 0.02) by the source of contamination (1.73 vs. 1.32% for the cottonseed meal and corn treatments, respectively). The AFM1 concentrations in the milk were not significantly different (P>0.05).

scholarly journals Comparative binding and sequence interaction specificities of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxicol, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxicol M1 with purified DNA.

1987 ◽  
Vol 262 (16) ◽  
pp. 7455-7462 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Mariën ◽  
R Moyer ◽  
P Loveland ◽  
K Van Holde ◽  
G Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Comparative Binding
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