Corn silage as a source of aflatoxin B1 in feed for dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 2759-2764
Author(s):  
DRAGAN GLAMOČIĆ ◽  
MIROSLAVA POLOVINSKI HORVATOVIĆ ◽  
IGOR JAJIĆ ◽  
SAŠA KRSTOVIĆ ◽  
MIRKO IVKOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Corn Grain

Nutrition of dairy cattle is based on two components, concentrates and forages. The main forages in Vojvodina, north province of Serbia is silage made from the whole plant of corn. After the outbreak of aflatoxin B1 in corn in 2012, the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn as a source of contamination of aflatoxin M1 in milk was very broadly investigated. There is no data regarding the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in silage and how much silage can contribute to the overall intake of aflatoxin B1 in this region. This work is an attempt to estimate how much silage, in condition and practice used in Vojvodina, contributes to the intake of aflatoxin B1, and consequently aflatoxin M1 in milk. In total, 82 samples of corn grain and 72 samples of corn silage were analyzed on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 during 2017-2018 period. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 13.41% of corn samples in the range from 6.82 to 187.5 ppb (average 63.5 ppb). All positive samples were from 2017, while no positive samples were found during 2018. Incidence of aflatoxin B1 in silage was 54.17% in the range of 3.5-58.0 ppb (12% moisture content) or 0.95-16.1 ppb in the fresh matter. Results suggest that silage can be a significant factor to overall intake of aflatoxin B1 and that further research is needed.

Reduction of Milk Contamination with Aflatoxin-M1 through Vaccination of Dairy Cattle with Aflatoxin-B1 Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Milk Contamination ◽  
Before And After

Aflatoxin M1 is one of mycotoxin derivatives, which is secreted in milk of dairy cattle fed on feed contaminated with Aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1). The current study was designed to prepare a vaccine against AFB1and to evaluate its efficacy in reducing or preventing secretion of AFM1 in milk. Aflatoxin-B1 was prepared, purified and transformed into oxime, then it was fixed on bovine serum albumins. The AFB1-BSA conjugate was adjuvanted with Gold Nano particles then Montanide ISA 206. The prepared vaccine was used for immunization of rabbits by S/c routes as 100 µg/dose and dairy cattle by I/M routes as 500 µg/dose. The vaccinated animals were boosted at 3 weeks post primary immunization. Serum samples were collected and examined for the anti-AFB1 using AGPT. A mean titer of 15.2 AGPU/ml was detected at 2 weeks post primary vaccination then significantly increased till reached to 76.8 AGPU/ml at 6 weeks post Booster vaccination. All vaccinated rabbits were challenged with dose of 0.3 mg AFB1 toxin/Kg. The vaccinated rabbit showed 100% protection and no AFB1 toxin residue was detected in their livers. Milk samples were collected from non-vaccinated and AFB1-immunized dairy cattle then examined with ELISA for quantitation of AFM1 residues before and after vaccination. The results showed that the prepared AFB1 vaccine was safe, potent and able to reduce AFM1 release in milk of vaccinated heifers by 70%. So the vaccination of lactating animals with the AFB1vaccine might represent a valid tool for the prevention of AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products.

Aflatoxin Conversion by Dairy Cattle Consuming Naturally-Contaminated Whole Cottonseed1

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALPH L. PRICE ◽  
J. H. PAULSON ◽  
OTIS G. LOUGH ◽  
CONRAD GINGG ◽  
ANDY G. KURTZ
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Whole Cottonseed

Whole cottonseed determined to have aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels of 5, 31, 104, 280, and 560 μg/kg was fed as 15% of the total dairy ration to a commercial herd of 90 grade Holstein dairy cattle for 70 d. Milk from the bulk tank was sampled either daily or after each milking and analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The ratio for AFB1 in the dairy ration to AFM1 in the milk averaged 75 to 1 under conditions and at levels tested with no consistent relation to the level of AFB1 in the feed. Approximately 1.6% conversion occurred during the steady state of consumption and secretion. The federal action level of 0.5 μg AFM1/L of milk would be produced by cows consuming a ration containing 15% whole cottonseed contaminated with approximately 250 μg AFB1/kg.

Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in diets of dairy cattle and aflatoxin M1 in raw milk

2012 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. S51-S52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ortiz-Martinez Raul ◽  
Arturo Valdivia-Flores ◽  
MA. Carolina de Luna-Lopez ◽  
Teodulo Quezada-Tristan ◽  
Armando Martinez-de Anda
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in maize silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Glamočić ◽  
Miroslava Polovinski Horvatović ◽  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Darko Guljaš
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract Silage made from the whole-plant maize is one of the most popular forages in Serbia. Consumption of maize silage by cows can be up to 30-35 kg/day. In Serbia in the few last years in the focus of the public and agriculture community were two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and its metabolite aflatoxin M1 due to the outbreak of contaminated maize which affected the Balkans in 2012. Maize is regularly checked on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, however forages are often neglected as a potential source of mycotoxins in the nutrition of dairy cattle. In this work, 48 samples of maize silage were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Samples were collected from three regions (Bačka, Banat and Srem) in Vojvodina. In all samples, at least one mycotoxin above the limit of quantification was measured. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 36 (75%) samples. In two samples from Banat, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 exceeded the maximum level (ML) set by Serbian regulation (30 µg/kg at moisture content of 12%). In seven samples, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was above 20 µg/kg which is the EU regulated ML. Average concentration of ochratoxin A was 10.4 µg/kg, while the maximum measured value was 34.3 µg/kg. Maximum zearalenone content in all samples was 538 µg/kg while the average zearalenone concentration was 138 µg/kg. The results from this research point out that mycotoxin contaminated silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia can significantly contribute to daily intake of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cattle.

scholarly journals Corn silage rumen undegradable protein content and response of growing calves to rumen undegradable protein supplement1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colton R Oney ◽  
Jana K Gramkow ◽  
F Henry Hilscher ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Jim C MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Detergent Solution ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract The amount of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) in corn silage and the extent to which it is digested in the small intestine are uncertain. Three studies were conducted to determine RUP content of corn silage, and the effects of supplementing increasing concentrations of RUP on the growing performance of calves fed a corn silage diet. Experiments 1 and 2 used in situ methods to evaluate the RUP content of corn silage. In experiment 1, corn silages harvested at 37% or 42% dry matter (DM) were compared. In experiment 2, dry-rolled corn (89.4% DM) was reconstituted to 75%, 70%, 65%, and 50% DM and ensiled in mini-silos (2,265 cm3) for 30, 90, 180, or 270 d to simulate the corn grain within corn silage, dry-rolled corn is more mature than corn grain harvested in corn silage. Experiment 3 used 60 steers (275 kg initial body weight, SD = 18) in an 83-d growing study to evaluate the effects of supplementing 0.4%, 1.7%, 3.0%, 4.2%, or 5.5% RUP (% of diet DM) on performance. In experiment 1, RUP as a % of DM was not different between the two corn silages (P ≥ 0.12), averaging 0.59% for samples refluxed in a neutral detergent solution (NDS) and 1.8% for samples not refluxed in NDS. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) also did not differ (P ≥ 0.19), averaging 67.4%. In experiment 2, as moisture content of the corn grain increased, DMD increased linearly (P < 0.01) and RUP content decreased linearly (P < 0.01). The DMD increased quadratically (P = 0.02), whereas RUP content decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as days of ensiling increased. In experiment 3, there were no differences in DM intake (DMI; P ≥ 0.33) among treatments for period 1 (d 1 to 37). However, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) both linearly increased (P < 0.01) as RUP supplement inclusion increased. There were no differences in DMI (P ≥ 0.16), ADG (P ≥ 0.11), or G:F (P ≥ 0.64) in period 2 (d 38 to 83). For the overall growing period (d 1 to 83), a linear increase was observed for ending body weight (P = 0.01), ADG (P < 0.01), and G:F (P < 0.01) as RUP supplement inclusion increased from 0.4% to 5.5% of diet DM. The RUP content of corn silage is lower than previously reported. Data collected suggest the crude protein within corn silage is 13% RUP, and approximately 1/2 is digestible. The moisture content of corn silage at the time of harvest and the amount of time corn silage is stored continually impact protein availability. Supplementing growing calves fed corn silage with RUP will improve performance.

scholarly journals Application of Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup to Aflatoxin M1 Determination and Survey in Cheese

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DRAGACCI ◽  
J. M. FREMY
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Immunoaffinity Columns

Milk products such as cheeses may be contaminated by aflatoxin M1 when manufactured with milk from dairy cattle that have consumed aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds. The usefulness of immunoaffinity columns to determine aflatoxin M1 content in many kinds of cheeses with very good recoveries is demonstrated. The analysis of aflatoxin M1 in a 1990 to 1995 limited survey in France shows that the occurrence of this mycotoxin in cheeses is rather infrequent. With the exception of samples from 1989 to 1990 when aflatoxin B1-contaminated maize meals were incidentally imported to supplement dairy cattle feed, very few samples were found with above 0.200 μg of aflatoxin M1 per kg of cheese, the maximum acceptable level.

scholarly journals Methods and rates of poultry litter fertilization for corn silage in organic system

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e42951
Author(s):  
Renato Yagi ◽  
José Lino Martinez ◽  
Clóvis Roberto Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Whole Plant

The creation of proper soil fertility is fundamental to the agroecological transition phase and guarantees the sustainability of organic agribusiness. In a randomized complete block design with a 3 x 2 factorial scheme with 1 additional treatment (control, without organic fertilizer), we tested three poultry litter rates (7, 14, and 21 Mg ha-1) at sowing or splitting between sowing (30%) and side-dressing (70%) for two summer corn whole-plant silage crops and for the soil chemical attributes. The splitting of the poultry litter rate during the rainy season preserves the soil K content, prevents the accumulation of soil P and increases the efficiency of the increasing yields of the organic whole-plant corn silage crop. The reapplication of pre-sowing poultry litter can lead to an accumulation of P and Ca in the soil but favors fresh matter and cob dry matter yields in the dry season. The splitting of the poultry litter rate for whole-plant corn silage can guarantee technical and environmental sustainability in rainy years, but on the other hand, the reapplication of this organic fertilizer only at pre-sowing can increase the fresh matter yield and protein quality of organic whole-plant corn silage cultivated in an Inceptisol in the dry season.

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