Methods of Chilling and Packaging of Beef, Pork and Lamb Variety Meats for Transoceanic Shipment: Microbiological Characteristics

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 765-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. VANDERZANT ◽  
M. O. HANNA ◽  
J. G. EHLERS ◽  
J. W. SAVELL ◽  
D. B. GRIFFIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Coryneform Bacteria ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Ice Water

The effect of various initial chilling treatments on the numbers and types of microorganisms of beef, pork and lamb tongues (n = 60) and livers (n = 60) packaged either in polyethylene (PE) film or in vacuum packages in Texas and transported fresh-chilled via transoceanic shipment to Antwerp, Belgium, was evaluated. Initial chilling treatments included: cooler-tempered (4 to 6 h at 2°C), cooler-chilled (24 h at 2°C) freezer-tempered (0.5 to 1 h at −20°C), freezer-chilled (2 h at −20°C), ice-chilled (2 h in ice water slush) and no prechilling (NPC) before packaging and subsequent refrigerated storage at 2°C. After the initial chilling treatments, the microflora was varied with Micrococcus spp. with or without coryneform bacteria being the predominant bacterial types of most samples. After refrigerated storage for 13 to 15 d, lactic acid bacteria became dominant in most vacuum-packaged samples and in pork and lamb samples stored in PE film. Brochothrix thermosphacta and Pseudomonas spp. constituted a greater part of the microflora of beef tongues and livers stored in PE film than that of comparable vacuum-packaged samples. Increases in aerobic plate counts (APC) of refrigerated vacuum-packaged samples nearly always were greatest for samples (NPC) that were not pre-chilled before packaging and usually were smallest for samples that were either freezer-chilled, freezer-tempered or ice-chilled.

Microflora of Vacuum Packaged Beef Steaks and Roasts Treated with an Edible Acetylated Monoglyceride

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 554-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LEU ◽  
J. T. KEETON ◽  
D. B. GRIFFIN ◽  
J. W. SAVELL ◽  
C. VANDERZANT
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Beef Steaks ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Packaged Beef

Steaks and roasts were fabricated from strip loins and top rounds that were held vacuum packaged for 10 d at 2°C. Steaks and roasts then were treated with 2–3% DermatexR Food Grade (DFG), an acetylated monoglyceride, vacuum packaged and stored at 2 ± 2°C for up to 4 weeks (steaks) and 7 weeks (roasts). Aerobic plate counts (APC) and APT counts of control and DFG-treated steaks and roasts did not differ (P>0.05) during refrigerated storage. The microflora of steaks and roasts during storage was dominated by lactic acid bacteria. Treatment with DFG did not influence the microbiological characteristics of the steaks and roasts.

Effect of Aerobic Storage before Vacuum Packaging on the pH, Color and Bacterial Flora of Beef1

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. FOEGEDING ◽  
H. D. NAUMANN ◽  
W. C. STRINGER
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Vacuum Packaging ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Plate Counts

Beef was stored aerobically for 2 or 6 d at 1 ± 1°C before vacuum packaging. Total numbers of aerobic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta and lactic acid bacteria were determined by selectively plating stored samples. Meat color was evaluated with a color difference meter and a color panel. Aerobic plate counts, numbers of pseudomonads and B. thermosphacta, and pH each were higher in samples held aerobically for 6 d compared with those held aerobically for 2 d. The major effect of delayed vacuum packaging was to slow the growth of lactic acid bacteria and minimize the number of pseudomonads. The variation among treatments was similar in Pseudomonas spp. population for 21 d and in pH for 7 d, and there was no significant effect of packaging treatment in color. Results indicate that the initial treatment variations were lost as storage time progressed.

Microbial Flora of Normal and High pH Beef Stored at 4 C in Different Gas Environments

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 866-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
INGER ERICHSEN ◽  
GÖRAN MOLIN
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta

Beef of high pH (6.6) and of normal pH (5.8) was packed in air, a mixture of 78% N2 + 20% CO2 + 2% 02, vacuum, and 100% CO2 and stored at 4 C. The effect of the different gas environments on development of the microbial flora of the two types of beef was examined. The shelf-life increased in the order: pure CO2 > vacuum > gas mixture (20% CO2 > air. After storage in air for 14 days, Pseudomonas spp. comprised 76% of the flora on the normal beef and 88% of the flora on the high pH beef. In the gas mixture, after 21 days the microbial flora on the normal beef was dominated by lactic acid bacteria (52%), Enterobacteriaceae (16 %) and coryneforms (16 %) while the high pH beef contained Pseudomonas spp. (44 %), lactic acid bacteria (28%) and Brochothrix thermosphacta (28%). In the vacuum, after 21 days 96% of the flora in normal beef consisted of lactic acid bacteria, whereas 60% lactic acid bacteria and 40% B. thermosphacta were found on the high pH beef. In pure CO2, stored for 51 days, both the normal and high pH beef were completely dominated by lactic acid bacteria.

Effects of Packaging Methods on the Microbial Flora of Livers and Kidneys from Beef or Pork

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. HANNA ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
J. W. SAVELL ◽  
F. K. McKEITH ◽  
C. VANDERZANT
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Pvc Film ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Packaged Beef

Aerobic plate counts (APC) of vacuum-packaged beef livers, beef kidneys and pork livers during refrigerated storage were nearly always, particularly after 14 days at 2 C, much lower than those of comparable samples packaged in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film. The pH of vacuum-packaged livers and kidneys decreased during refrigerated storage; the same was true for products stored in PVC film except that the pH of kidneys increased. In refrigerated vacuum-packaged livers and kidneys, lactic acid bacteria (homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli, streptococci, Leuconostoc sp.) became more predominant, whereas in products packaged in PVC film, gram-negative bacteria frequently became more dominant.

Spoilage and Safety Characteristics of Ground Beef Treated with Lactic Acid Bacteria

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 2278-2283 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. HOYLE ◽  
J. C. BROOKS ◽  
L. D. THOMPSON ◽  
W. PALMORE ◽  
T. P. STEPHENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Dose Titration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Yeasts And Molds

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can decrease numbers of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in ground beef during storage. Two dose-titration studies were conducted in ground beef to determine dose levels of LAB needed to inhibit the pathogens. A second study evaluated whether LAB masked changes typically associated with the spoilage of ground beef displayed under refrigerated (0°C) or abusive (10°C) temperatures packaged in both traditional overwrap (TOP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; 80% O2–20% CO2). Microbial analyses were conducted to determine spoilage endpoints and pathogen reduction. In the dose-titration study, Salmonella was reduced by 3 log cycles at all doses (106,107, and 108 LAB per g) after 3 days of storage and was eliminated after 5 days of storage. E. coli O157:H7 was reduced by 2 log cycles at all dosages after 3 days of storage and by 3 log cycles after 5 days of storage. In the spoilage studies, as expected, total aerobic plate counts and LAB populations in LAB-inoculated samples were higher than the controls initially, but the counts were similar near the end of the study. While total spoilage bacteria generally increased over time, very few differences existed between treatments stored at 0°C and 10°C in coliforms , Brochothrix thermosphacta, yeasts and molds, and Pseudomonas spp. counts for both the TOP and MAP samples. We conclude that LAB could potentially be added to ground beef in TOP and MAP as a processing intervention for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella without masking microbial spoilage characteristics.

scholarly journals Microbiological Condition of Retail Beef Steaks: A Canadian Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianqin Yang ◽  
Julia Devos ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Mark Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Beef Steaks

The second national baseline microbiological survey of beef steaks offered for retail in Canada was conducted in 2015. A total of 621 steaks of four types (cross rib, CR; inside round, IR; striploin, SL; top sirloin, TS) collected from 135 retail stores in five cities across Canada were tested. Swab samples each from swabbing the entire upper surface of each steak were processed for enumeration of seven groups of indicator organisms: total aerobes (AER), psychrotrophs (PSY), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pseudomonads (PSE), Brochothrix thermosphacta (BRO), coliforms (COL) and Escherichia coli (ECO). The overall mean values (log CFU/100 cm2) were 5.17±1.29, 4.92±1.36, 4.79±1.42, 3.26±1.49, 2.34±1.88, and 0.80±1.05 for AER, PSY, LAB, PSE, BRO, and COL, respectively. ECO were not recovered from 87.3% of the steaks and when there was recovery, the numbers were mostly ≤ 1 log CFU/100 cm2. Strong correlation was found between the log numbers of AER and PSY, of AER and LAB, and of PSY and LAB, while the correlation between the log numbers of COL and ECO was weak. The numbers of COL and ECO from different groups of steak types or from different cities were not substantially different. Of the four types of steaks, IR had the lowest median values for AER, PSY, LAB, PSE and BRO, followed by CR. The microbiological condition of retail beef steaks in this survey was on par with that in the previous one, with very low numbers of generic E. coli being recovered from very few steaks and the indicators for microbial quality being at numbers much lower than the upper limit for shelf life of beef.

Effect of Single or Sequential Hot Water and Lactic Acid Decontamination Treatments on the Survival and Growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Spoilage Microflora during Aerobic Storage of Fresh Beef at 4, 10, and 25°C

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2703-2711 ◽  
Author(s):  
KONSTANTINOS P. KOUTSOUMANIS ◽  
LAURA V. ASHTON ◽  
IFIGENIA GEORNARAS ◽  
KEITH E. BELK ◽  
JOHN A. SCANGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Spoilage Microflora ◽  
Storage Temperatures

The survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage microflora during storage of fresh beef subjected to different decontamination treatments was studied. Fresh beef inoculated with a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes (5.18 log CFU/cm2) was left untreated (control) or was immersed (30 s) in hot water (HW; 75°C), 2% lactic acid (LA; 55°C), hot water followed by lactic acid (HW-LA), or lactic acid followed by hot water (LA-HW) and then stored aerobically at 4, 10, and 25°C for 25, 17, and 5 days, respectively. Initial populations of L. monocytogenes were reduced by 0.82 (HW), 1.43 (LA), 2.73 (HW-LA), and 2.68 (LA-HW) log CFU/cm2. During storage, the pathogen grew at higher rates in HW than in control samples at all storage temperatures. Acid decontamination treatments (LA, HW-LA, and LA-HW) resulted in a weaker inhibition of L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05) at 25°C than at 4 and 10°C. In general, the order of effectiveness of treatments was HW-LA > LA > LA-HW > HW > control at all storage temperatures tested. In untreated samples, the spoilage microflora was dominated by pseudomonads, while lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and yeasts remained at lower concentrations during storage. Brochothrix thermosphacta was detected periodically in only a limited number of samples. Although decontamination with HW did not affect the above spoilage microbial profile, acid treatments shifted the predominant microflora in the direction of yeasts and gram-positive bacteria (lactic acid bacteria). Overall, the results of the present study indicate that decontamination with LA and combinations of LA and HW could limit growth of L. monocytogenes and inhibit pseudomonads, which are the main spoilage bacteria of fresh beef stored under aerobic conditions. However, to optimize the efficacy of such treatments, they must be applied in the appropriate sequence and followed by effective temperature control.

scholarly journals Bacteriology and Meat Quality of Moisture Enhanced Pork from Retail Markets in Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Karola R. Wendler ◽  
Francis M. Nattress ◽  
Jordan C. Roberts ◽  
Ivy L. Larsen ◽  
Jennifer Aalhus
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Colour Saturation ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Water Holding

Packages of moisture-enhanced and conventional pork chops were collected from six Canadian retail stores on five sampling days. The composition of injection brines differed between retailers, but all contained polyphosphates and salt as main ingredients. Meat quality characteristics and bacteriology were analyzed from collected meat samples. Moisture enhanced chops had a higher pH and a higher water holding capacity than conventional. Juiciness and overall tenderness were improved in moisture enhanced chops. The surfaces of moisture enhanced chops were discoloured; the chops were darker and displayed less colour saturation. Total numbers of aerobes, psychrotrophs and lactic acid bacteria were not affected by moisture enhancement but numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonads and Brochothrix thermosphacta, bacteria frequently associated with microbial spoilage, were approximately 1 log CFU·g-1 higher in moisture enhanced samples. This work shows moisture enhancement with injection brines containing salt and phosphates can result in a more palatable product. 

Bacteriology and Retail Case Life of Pork After Storage in Carbon Dioxide

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. GREER ◽  
B. D. DILTS ◽  
L. E. JEREMIAH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Aerobic Growth ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Controlled Atmospheres ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Retail Display

The effects of prolonged, anoxic storage, under CO2 at −1.5°C, upon the bacteriology and case life of pork on its subsequent transfer to the aerobic conditions of simulated retail display at 8°C was examined. Brochothrix thermosphacta, lactic acid bacteria, enterics, and pseudomonads were enumerated. Panel scores for odor and appearance acceptability were used to quantify retail case life. Lactic acid bacteria were the only bacteria found during loin storage in CO2 for up to 24 weeks. Those organisms reached maximum number of 107 CFU/cm2 within 9 weeks. The number of lactic acid bacteria initially found on the freshly cut surfaces of loin chops increased linearly during the first 9 weeks of loin storage in CO2. Thereafter, they continued to grow on the chops and dominated the spoilage flora during retail display. The pseudomonads grew rapidly and emerged as the next most numerous organism, while B. thermosphacta and enterics showed only limited aerobic growth. The acceptability of pork chop appearance and odor was adversely affected by loin storage time. Each 6-week interval of loin storage produced a 1 d reduction in case life. Should controlled atmospheres be a practicable means of meat distribution to the retail marketplace, efforts will be necessary to assure a maximum case life after their removal from preservative packagings.

Listeria monocytogenes Survival in Refrigerator Dill Pickles

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2356-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIN KYUNG KIM ◽  
ELAINE M. D'SA ◽  
MARK A. HARRISON ◽  
JUDY A. HARRISON ◽  
ELIZABETH L. ANDRESS
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Pickling Cucumbers

Listeria monocytogenes can survive and grow in refrigerated foods with pH values of approximately 4.0 to 5.0 and salt concentrations of 3 to 4%. Home-fermented refrigerator dill pickles fit this description. Contamination of this product with L. monocytogenes could cause serious problems because these items are not heated prior to consumption. L. monocytogenes survival and growth patterns were investigated in refrigerator dill pickles at 1.3, 3.8, and 7.6% salt concentrations. Pickling cucumbers were dipped into an inoculum of L. monocytogenes, brine mixtures were added, and cucumbers were held at room temperature for 1 week and then refrigerated for up to 3 months. The pH, NaCl percentage, titratable acidity percentage, and total populations of Listeria and aerobic, psychrotrophic, and lactic acid bacteria were measured at the addition of brine, after 2, 4, and 7 days of storage at room temperature, and then weekly during refrigerated storage. The initial Listeria population was 5.4 to 5.6 log CFU/cm2 on cucumber surfaces and 3.9 to 4.6 log CFU/g internally. There was an approximate 0.3- to 1-log increase during room temperature fermentation followed by a population decline during refrigerator storage, with a greater decrease in the brines with the highest NaCl concentration. Up to 49 days, the internal tissue of pickles with 1.3, 3.8, or 7.6% salt concentrations were presumptively positive for L. monocytogenes by the enrichment method, and at 91 days the surfaces of such pickles were still positive for L. monocytogenes. Populations of total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria increased during room temperature storage and decreased gradually during refrigerated storage.

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