Enterotoxigenic and Antibiotic Resistance Determination of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food Handlers in Gaborone, Botswana

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2764-2768 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL LOETO ◽  
M. I. MATSHEKA ◽  
B. A. GASHE
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Standards

The prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus strains from different anatomical sites on food handlers in Gaborone, Botswana, were determined. Of a total of 200 food handlers tested, 115 (57.5%) were positive for S. aureus. Of the 204 S. aureus isolates, 63 (30.9%), 91 (44.6%), and 50 (24.5%) were isolated from the hand, nasal cavity, and face, respectively, and 43 (21%) of the isolates were enterotoxigenic. The most prevalent enterotoxin was type A, which accounted for 34.9% of all the enterotoxigenic strains, and enterotoxin D was produced by the fewest number of strains (9.3%). Resistance to methicillin was encountered in 33 (22.4%) of the penicillin G–resistant isolates, and 9 (27.3%) of these methicillin-resistant isolates also were resistant to vancomycin. Nineteen antibiotic resistance profiles were determined, and the nasal cavity had the highest diversity of resistance profiles. The nasal cavity also had the highest number of resistant strains, 77 (53%), whereas the hand and face had 49 (32%) and 24 (16.0%) resistant strains, respectively. To reduce the Staphylococcus carriage rate among food handlers, training coupled with a commitment to high standards of personal and environmental hygiene is recommended.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Gene Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Healthy Edible Marine Fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Justine Fri ◽  
Henry A. Njom ◽  
Collins N. Ateba ◽  
Roland N. Ndip
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Mics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Thirty-three (33) isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from healthy edible marine fish harvested from two aquaculture settings and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, were characterised in this study. The phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiles to 13 antibiotics were determined, and their antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed. A multiplex PCR was used to determine the epidemiological groups based on the type of SCCmec carriage followed by the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea-sed and the Panton Valentine leucocidin gene (pvl). A high antibiotic resistance percentage (67–81%) was observed for Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Rifampicin, and Clindamycin, while maximum susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (100%), Imipenem (100%), and Ciprofloxacin (94%) was recorded. Nineteen (58%) of the MRSA strains had Vancomycin MICs of ≤2 μg/mL, 4 (12%) with MICs ranging from 4–8 μg/mL, and 10 (30%) with values ≥16 μg/mL. Overall, 27 (82%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with Erythromycin-Ampicillin-Rifampicin-Clindamycin (E-AMP-RIP-CD) found to be the dominant antibiotic-resistance phenotype observed in 4 isolates. Resistance genes such as tetM, tetA, ermB, blaZ, and femA were detected in two or more resistant strains. A total of 19 (58%) MRSA strains possessed SCCmec types I, II, or III elements, characteristic of healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), while 10 (30%) isolates displayed SCCmec type IVc, characteristic of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Six (18%) of the multidrug-resistant strains of MRSA were enterotoxigenic, harbouring the see, sea, or sec genes. A prevalence of 18% (6/33) was also recorded for the luk-PVL gene. The findings of this study showed that marine fish contained MDR-MRSA strains that harbour SCCmec types, characteristic of either HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA, but with a low prevalence of enterotoxin and pvl genes. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring and implementation of better control strategies within the food chain to minimise contamination of fish with MDR-MRSA and the ultimate spread of the bug.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Molecular Typing of Nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Susceptible to Gentamicin Isolated in France from 1995 to 1997

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-190
Author(s):  
Jacques-Olivier Galdbart ◽  
Anne Morvan ◽  
Nevine El Solh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Mrsa Strains

ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant strains susceptible to gentamicin (Gm s MRSA) have emerged since 1993 in several French hospitals. To study whether particular clones have spread in various French cities and whether some clones are related to gentamicin-resistant (Gm r ) MRSA strains, various methods (antibiotyping, phage typing, determination of Sma I macrorestriction patterns before and after hybridization with IS 256 transposase and aacA-aphD probes) were used to compare 62 Gm s MRSA strains isolated from 1995 to 1997 in nine cities and 15 Gm r MRSA strains. Eighteen major Sma I genotypes were identified, of which 11 included only Gm s MRSA strains and 5 included only Gm r MRSA strains. Each of the Gm r MRSA strains contained 6 to 13 Sma I fragments hybridizing with the insertion sequence IS 256 , of which a single band also hybridized with the aacA-aphD gene. No such hybridizing sequences were detected in 60 of the 62 Gm s MRSA strains. Thus, the divergence between Gm r and Gm s MRSA strains is revealed, not only by their distributions in distinct Sma I genotypes but also by the differences in hybridization patterns. Two of the 62 Gm s MRSA strains had the uncommon feature of carrying several Sma I bands hybridizing with IS 256 , suggesting that they are possibly related to the Gm r MRSA strains grouped in the same Sma I genotype. Five of the 11 Sma I genotypes including only Gm s MRSA strains contained strains from diverse cities, isolated during different years and with different antibiograms, suggesting that some clones have spread beyond their cities of origin and persisted.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Clinical and Laboratory Features

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Aldridge
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Us ◽  
Laboratory Features ◽  
Boston City Hospital ◽  
Resistant Strains

Not long after the introduction of penicillin G for anti-staphylococcal therapy, penicillin G resistant strains of staphylococci were isolated and were found to produce penicillinase enzymes. In 1959 methicillin, a penicillinase resistant penicillin (PRP), was introduced in England for therapy of these strains. Within 2 years the first strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were reported in that country. Subsequently, reports of MRSA infections throughout Europe appeared. Reports from Switzerland and Denmark indicated that 30% to 50% of all nosocomial S. aureus isolates and 40% of all S. aureus bacteremia isolates, respectively, were due to MRSA. Although sporadic reports of MRSA infections appeared in the US after 1960 the first documented outbreak of MRSA infections occurred at Boston City Hospital in 1968. Even today there is not a complete understanding of MRSA and its role in infectious diseases, however, a vast amount of information has accumulated and certain aspects of this information will be discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of the results of the study on the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) in food products of animal origin

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (87) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
T. Kozytska ◽  
T. Garkavenko
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antibiotics (AB) has significant differences in different countries and geographical regions. The main problem is represented by strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRSA), resistant to many ABs. Often, MRSA is transmitted to humans through animal food products. Purpose: investigate animal foods for S. aureus and detect methicillin-resistant strains. Food research was carried out according to ISO 6888-1, ISO 6888-2, MW 15.2-5.3-004:2007, State standard 10444.2. The material for further research was the isolates of S. aureus isolated from different groups of food products of animal origin. Disks containing methicillin (30 mg) and oxacillin (5 mg) and Müller-Hinton nutrient medium were used to determine the sensitivity to AB. The research was conducted by disc diffusion method in accordance with the Methodological Guidelines «Determination of microorganism sensitivity to antibacterial preparations» dated 12/25/2014. In addition, the data of the state veterinary report on the study of milk of cows and determination of antibiotic resistance of cultures isolated from it in 2017 were analyzed. A study on the presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was carried out in food products of animal origin during 2016–2017. During this period, 58 isolates of S. aureus were identified, of which 7 were classified as MRSA, which was an average of 12.1 % of all isolated cultures. The highest amount of MRSA is isolated from chicken meat – 29.0% and meat products – 20.0%, ready-to-eat fish – 16.7% and meat mincer – 6.1%. The 2017 report on antibiotic resistance from all regions of Ukraine was also analyzed for the detection of S. aureus strains resistant to oxacillin. These data were available only for S. aureus isolated from milk from cows suffering from subclinical mastitis. Of the 47 strains of S. aureus, 22 (46.8%) were methicillin-resistant. MRSA poses a serious threat to the health of humans and animals and may be transmitted through food. There is no monitoring system in Ukraine on the detection of resistant strains in food products. A single list of ABs according to which laboratories conducted sensitivity tests was not approved. Therefore, in most cases, the sensitivity of Staphylococcus to oxacillin/methicillin is not determined. We found that, on average, MRSA from animal foods of animal origin in Ukraine is found in 12.1% of cases. Milk of animals, that suffer from subclinical forms of mastitis, can serve as a source of MRSA for humans, because it was detected in 46.8% of cases.

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Poultry Species in Algeria: Long-Term Study on Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Ismahane Benrabia ◽  
Taha M. Hamdi ◽  
Awad A. Shehata ◽  
Heinrich Neubauer ◽  
Gamal Wareth
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Classical Culture

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a well-known pathogen with a serious impact on human and veterinary public health. To determine antibiotic resistance of MRSA in poultry, 4248 nasal swabs were collected from 840 poultry farms in 18 different Wilayas (provinces) of Algeria. Swabs were collected between 2011 and 2018 from breeding hens, laying hens, broilers, and turkeys. Identification was carried out by the classical culture methods, and the disc diffusion test was used to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns. S. aureus was isolated from 477 (56.8%) farms, and flock prevalence was 52.8%, 48.8%, 48.4%, and 75.6% in breeding hens, laying hens, broilers, and turkeys, respectively. MRSA was isolated from 252 (30%) farms and flock prevalence was 22%, 33.5%, 27.4%, and 36%, respectively. As expected, all MRSA isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, penicillin G, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and oxacillin. High levels of resistance were found for tetracycline (82.5%), erythromycin (70.6%), clindamycin (68.6%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). Almost all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (100%) and mupirocin and rifampicin (99.2%), followed by chloramphenicol (82.3%), and gentamicin (76%). This moderate proportion of MRSA in poultry poses a considerable risk to public health. The results of this study highlight the need for control programs that encompass primary animal production and the food chain to mitigate contamination and spread of MRSA in the poultry industry of Algeria, and consequently to humans.

Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence Determination of the Entire mec DNA of Pre-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1449-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ito ◽  
Y. Katayama ◽  
K. Hiramatsu
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Integration Site ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Reading Frame

ABSTRACT In methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the methicillin resistance gene mecA is localized within a large chromosomal region which is absent in the methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus chromosome. The region, designatedmec DNA, is speculated to have originated from the genome of another bacterial species and become integrated into the chromosome of the S. aureus cell in the past. We report here cloning and determination of the structure of the entire mec DNA sequence from a Japanese S. aureus strain, N315. Themec DNA was found to be 51,669 bp long, including terminal inverted repeats of 27 bp and a characteristic pair of direct repeat sequences of 15 bp each: one is situated in the right extremity ofmec DNA, and the other is situated outside themec DNA and abuts the left boundary of mec DNA. The integration site of mec DNA was found to be located in an open reading frame (ORF) of unknown function, designatedorfX. Clusters of antibiotic resistance genes were noted inmec DNA carried by transposon Tn554 and an integrated copy of plasmid pUB110. Both the transposon and plasmid were integrated in the proximity of the mecA gene, the latter being flanked by a pair of insertion sequence IS431elements. Many ORFs other than those encoding antibiotic resistance were considered nonfunctional because of the acquired mutations or partial deletions found in the ORFs. Two ORFs potentially encoding novel site-specific recombinases were found in mec DNA. However, there was no ORF that might encode mecDNA-specific transposase or integrase proteins, indicating that themec DNA is not a transposon or a bacteriophage in nature.

Commensal Staphylococcus isolates from the nasal cavity of community older adults in Valencia (Spain) and their resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Daniel Gonzalbo Falomir ◽  
Hortensia Rico Vidal ◽  
María Pilar Falomir Llorens
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) have been gradually disseminated worldwide, causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections, and healthy carriers of commensal MRSA constitute a reservoir of the pathogen. Other Staphylococcus species (coagulase-negative, CoNS) colonize animals and humans and include also methicillin-resistant strains (MRCoNS). Here we have determined the prevalence of S. aureus and CoNS species in the nasal cavity of community healthy older adults (n= 27, average age: 63.7 years) and their resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics. A total of 35 Staphylococcus isolates were obtained. All individuals (100%) were carriers of at least one Staphylococcus strain; 15% of subjects were S. aureus carriers, and eight subjects (30%) carried two strains. Prevalence of resistance to methicillin was 25% and 35% for S. aureus and CoNS isolates, respectively. Most isolates were resistant to penicillin G (90%) and clarithromycin (45%). Other resistances were less frequent (rifampicin, tetracycline, fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin), and no resistant isolates to chloramphenicol or vancomycin were found. Multiresistant isolates to three or four chemotherapeutic agents were detected (20% of isolates). These results suggest that the nasal cavity of healthy adults may represent an ecological niche for the transfer of resistant determinants between staphylococcal species, and point out that epidemiological surveillance of commensal MRSA carriers should extended also to MRCoNS carriers.

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