Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Human Breast Milk and Raw Cow's Milk in Istanbul, Turkey

This survey was undertaken to determine the extent of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in human breast milk and raw cow's milk in Istanbul, Turkey. Samples of human and raw cow's milk were collected randomly and analyzed for AFM1 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in which the samples were cleaned up with immunoaffinity columns. In this study, AFM1 was detected in 8 (13.1%) of 61 human breast milk samples examined (mean ± SD level, 5.68 ± 0.62 ng/liter; range, 5.10 to 6.90 ng/liter) and 20 (33.3%) of 60 raw cow's milk samples examined (range, 5.40 to 300.20 ng/liter). Five (8.3%) of the positive raw cow's milk samples had AFM1 levels (153.52 ± 100.60 ng/liter; range, 61.20 to 300.20 ng/liter) that were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 ppb) stipulated by regulations in Turkey and some other countries.

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Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.4.439 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 439-444

Author(s):

Patrick S. Clyne ◽

Anthony Kulczycki

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Infant Colic ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

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A Study on the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow’s Milk in Jiroft

International Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.18502/ijml.v8i2.6281 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohadeseh Kamali ◽

Seyyedeh Sedigheh Seyyedi ◽

Mehdi Taheri Sarvtin

Keyword(s):

Immune Deficiency ◽

Chemical Form ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

The European Union ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Tolerance Level ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Maximum Tolerance

Background and Aims: Cow's milk is a daily staple food for many individuals that can be contaminated with many toxins such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). AFM1 is a chemical form of the aflatoxin B1 produced by some species of Aspergillus genus like A. ochraceus, A. flavus, A. nomius, and A. parasiticus that can contaminate feed and forage cattle. This toxin enters into the milk after eating contaminated feed by cows. AFM1 can cause various dangerous diseases such as cancer and immune deficiency in humans. The present study is aimed to investigate the level of AFM1 in cow's milk in Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 cow’s milk samples were collected in spring and summer 2019 from available stores in Jiroft city. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure AFM1 in all cow’s milk samples.Results: In the present study, AFM1 was found in 88 (97.8%) milk samples with a range of 0.2-90.62 ppt (mean, 20.07±24.46 ppt). AFM1 concentrations exceeded 50 ppt (maximum tolerance level of AFM1 in the European Union) was seen in 12 (13.3%) samples. Conclusions: The results of this study showed the presence of AFM1 in cow's milk in Jiroft city. So, in this region, many people are exposed to dangerous diseases such as cancer due to the consumption of milk contaminated with AFM1.

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Relative zinc availability in human breast milk, infant formulas, and cow's milk

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/31.3.416 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 416-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

P E Johnson ◽

G W Evans

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Human Breast ◽

Zinc Availability ◽

Cow's Milk

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Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Rafsanjan, Iran

Current Medical Mycology ◽

10.18502/cmm.7.1.6177 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Somayeh Pourtalebi ◽

Seyyed Amin Ayatollahi Mousavi ◽

Zahra Assadollahi ◽

Seyyed Mahdi Mousavi

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

The European Union ◽

Postnatal Exposure ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Lactating Mothers

Background and Purpose: Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins present both in the environment and in foodstuffs. The food of infants should be safe and free of various pollutants, including breast milk mycotoxins. This study aimed to measure the mycotoxin of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human milk samples obtained from lactating mothers living in Rafsanjan city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, breast milk samples were collected from 150 lactating mothers in Rafsanjan city from September 2015 to April 2016 using the structured food-frequency questionnaire. The AFM1 was measured by employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific kits. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16). Results: The AFM1 was detected in 98 mothers (65%) with a mean concentration of 14.69±8.15 ng/kg, ranging from 5.02 to 41.25 ng/kg. The AFM1 concentration exceeded the tolerable and accepted limit promulgated by the European Union and the USA (25 ng/kg) in only 10 milk samples. Moreover, in 59 milk samples, the AFM1 concentration exceeded the limit recommended by Australia and Switzerland (10 ng/kg). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, lactating mothers and their infants are at risk of AFM1 exposure in southern Iran. Accordingly, the examination of AFM1 concentrations in lactating mothers, as a critical postnatal exposure marker of infants to this carcinogenic compound, requires further studies in various seasonal periods and different parts of Iran.

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IL-8 May Be the Target of Arsenic in Human Breast Milk

International Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.18502/ijml.v7i1.2470 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Khodayar Ghorban ◽

Maryam Dadmanesh ◽

Mahmood Sheikh Fathollahi ◽

Zeynab Rezai ◽

Paria Ezati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cytokine Production ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Milk Contamination ◽

Normal Controls

Background and Aims: The critical aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of breast-milk contamination with Nickel and Arsenic, as well as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) on the milk levels of IL-6 and IL-8. Materials and Methods: Breast milk was collected from 76 mothers on the 30th day post-parturition and milk levels of AFM1, Nickel, Arsenic, IL-6 and IL-8 were evaluated. Results: The results showed 8 and 29 out of 76 collected samples being contaminated with AFM1, Nickel and Arsenic, respectively. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the milk samples did not differ in AFM1 and Nickel and Arsenic contaminated milk compared with the normal controls (non-contaminated milks). There was a moderate positive relation between milk levels of IL-8 and Arsenic. Conclusions: Although AFM1, Nickel and Arsenic are the inducers of cytokine production; they are unable to induce secretion of IL-6 in breast milk. Arsenic can be a trigger of IL-8, which is a strong chemoattract for neutrophils. Thus, it appears that Arsenic may induce an inflammation in milk in IL-8 dependent manner.

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Application of d-SPE before SPE and HPLC-FLD to Analyze Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26164930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 4930

Author(s):

Tomasz Tuzimski ◽

Szymon Szubartowski

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

High Performance ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Diglycidyl Ether ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Relative Standard

In this study, we propose a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols (bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), BADGE∙2H2O, BADGE∙H2O, BADGE∙2HCl) in human breast milk samples. The dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure performed well for the majority of the analytes with recoveries in the range 57–88% and relative standard deviations (RSD%) of less than 9.4%. During the d-SPE stage, no significant matrix effect was observed thanks to the application of different pairs of salts such as zirconium-dioxide-based sorbents (Z-Sep or Z-Sep +) and primary secondary amine (PSA) or QuEChERS Enhanced Matrix Removal-Lipid (EMR-Lipid) and PSA. The method limits of quantification (mLOQs) for all investigated analytes were set at satisfactory low values in the range 171.89–235.11 ng mL−1. Analyte concentrations were determined as the average value from human breast milk matrix samples. The results show that the d-SPE/SPE procedure, especially with the application of EMR-Lipid and PSA, could be used for further bisphenol analyses in human breast milk samples.

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Detection of Cannabinoids by LC–MS-MS and ELISA in Breast Milk

Journal of Analytical Toxicology ◽

10.1093/jat/bkaa142 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Sempio ◽

Erica Wymore ◽

Claire Palmer ◽

Maya Bunik ◽

Thomas K Henthorn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

High Performance ◽

Matrix Effects ◽

Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mode ◽

Carry Over

Abstract Cannabis is the most commonly used drug of abuse in pregnancy and after delivery. However, little is known regarding the disposition of cannabinoids in breast milk, although delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component, is highly lipophilic. Quantification of cannabinoids in breastmilk is essential for clinical monitoring and research studies and breastmilk banks mainly rely on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in terms of screening for cannabinoids. To support clinical studies on disposition of cannabinoids in breastmilk, we validated a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) assay for the simultaneous quantification of 12 cannabinoids and their metabolites in human breast milk. Said assay was based upon a simple one-step protein precipitation, online column extraction and detection in the positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. After successful validation, the assay was used to analyze 30 samples from a clinical research study that had tested negative using an ELISA kit that is commonly used by breastmilk banks. In human breast milk, depending on the analyte, the lower limits of quantification of the LC–MS-MS assay ranged from 0.39 to 7.81 ng/mL. Acceptance criteria for intra- and inter-batch accuracy (85–115%) and imprecision (<15%) were met for all compounds. Mean extraction efficiencies were above 60% for all analytes. Mean matrix effect ranged from −12.5% to 44.5% except of THC-glucuronide for which significant matrix effects were noted. No carry-over was detected. Although cannabinoid-negative based on the ELISA, all 30 samples tested positive for THC using LC–MS-MS (0.8–130 ng/mL) and several also for 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), cannabidiol(CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). We validated a sensitive and specific assay for the quantification of 12 cannabinoids in human breastmilk that outperformed an ELISA commonly used by breastmilk banks.

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