Development and Model Testing of Antemortem Screening Methodology To Predict Required Drug Withholds in Heifers†

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHUNA A. JONES ◽  
ROBERT S. SALTER ◽  
TIM GOLDSMITH ◽  
JULIO QUINTANA ◽  
PAUL RAPNICKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Microbial Inhibition

A simple, cow-side test for the presence of drug residues in live animal fluids would provide useful information for tissue drug residue avoidance programs. This work describes adaptation and evaluation of rapid screening tests to detect drug residues in serum and urine. Medicated heifers had urine, serum, and tissue biopsy samples taken while on drug treatment. Samples were tested by rapid methods and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The adapted microbial inhibition method, kidney inhibition swab test, was useful in detecting sulfadimethoxine in serum, and its response correlated with the prescribed withdrawal time for the drug, 5 to 6 days posttreatment. The lateral flow screening method for flunixin and beta-lactams, adapted for urine, was useful in predicting flunixin in liver detected by HPLC, 96 h posttreatment. The same adapted methods were not useful to detect ceftiofur in serum or urine due to a lack of sensitivity at the levels of interest. These antemortem screening test studies demonstrated that the method selected, and the sampling matrix chosen (urine or serum), will depend on the drug used and should be based on animal treatment history if available. The live animal tests demonstrated the potential for verification that an individual animal is free of drug residues before sale for human consumption.

scholarly journals Assessment of ceftiofur residues in cow milk using commercial screening test kits

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Durel ◽  
Guglielmo Gallina ◽  
Terence Pellet
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin, is one of the most used antibiotics in dairy industry. Intramuscular injection of 1 mg/kgBW ceftiofur hydrochloride (HCl) generally results in 0 hour withdrawal time for the milk in dairy cows. Nevertheless, farmers and dairy processors occasionally complain about ceftiofur-based products in case of positive result to a commercial rapid screening test for the presence of violative residues of antimicrobials (inhibitors) in the bulk milk tank. Six lactating cows were injected with a 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based product at the dosage regimen of 1 mg/kg, intramuscularly, once a day, for five consecutive days, as per label. Milk samples were then collected just before the very last injection (T0) and then at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hours after the last injection. Individual milk samples were tested using three commercial screening test kits for inhibitor residues: DelvotestSP NT, SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus and ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test. Since bulk tank is screened in real operating conditions, samples were also diluted to 1:4, 1:10 and tested again. For the Delvotest SP NT, which lowest detected concentration is close the MRL of the ceftiofur (100 µg/kg), all results were negative. For the ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test and the SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus, several samples yielded positive and doubtful results at T0 and T12. However, after dilution to 1:10, all results were negative. Consequently, when used as officially instructed, the tested 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based injectable veterinary products are safe, and milk should be free of violative residues of ceftiofur. With consideration to the low specificity and the low positive predictive value of commercial screening tests, positive reactions of the bulk milk should be interpreted as false positive or another risky usage of β-lactam-based medicines in the farm must be investigated.

scholarly journals Bacterial Inhibition Tests Used To Screen for Antimicrobial Veterinary Drug Residues in Slaughtered Animals

1998 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary O Korsrud ◽  
Joe O Boison ◽  
Jacques F M Nouws ◽  
James D Macneil
Keyword(s):  
Screen Test ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Veterinary Drug Residues ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Bacterial Inhibition

Abstract Bacterial inhibition tests used to screen milk, tissues, blood, and urine for antimicrobial veterinary drug residues must be high volume, quick, rugged, inexpensive, and sensitive. Bacterial inhibition tests—such as the Swab Test on Premises (STOP), the Calf Antibiotic and Sulfa Test (CAST), the Fast Antibiotic Screen Test (FAST), the Charm Farm Test (CFT), the Antimicrobial Inhibition Monitor 96 (AIM-96) assay, the German Three Plate Test, the European Union Four Plate Test and the New Dutch Kidney Test—have been used to screen tissues for antimicrobial activity. The CFT and the Brilliant Black Reduction Test (BBRT) also have been used to screen plasma. The Live Animal Swab Test (LAST) was developed to screen urine. This review examines the use and limitations of these screening tests for regulatory control and avoidance of veterinary drug residues in meat. The ideal bacterial inhibition test for screening antimicrobial residues in slaughtered animals does not exist. Each of the current and potential tests has limitations.

scholarly journals Tissue distribution and depletion of levamisole in sheep tissues

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. TYRPENOU (Α.Ε.ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ) ◽  
E. M. XYLOURI-FRANGIADAKI (Ε.Μ. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ-ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ) ◽  
G. M. FRANGIADAKIS (Μ.Γ. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Single Administration ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Time Determination ◽  
The Subject

The subject-matter of this project was the residue distribution and depletion of levamisole in the sheep tissues after a single administration of levamisole hydrochloride and with final aim the appropriate withdrawal time determination, so that sheep tissues will be safe for human consumption. Levamisole hydrochloride was given per os with a single dose in the form of a tablet of the pharmaceutical product Tridicine™ 300 mg at the recommended therapeutic dose of 300 mg/40 kg body weight (b.w.), a quantitycorresponding to 7.5 mg levamisole per kg b.w. Five sampling points comprised of four sheep each one , were performed at 24 h, 96 h, 168 h, 240 h and 336 h after medication. Tissue samples of muscle, liver, kidney and fat were collected, packed and stored at 45°C until analysis. Levamisole was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mean levamisole concentrations found in the target tissues were detectable in all samples from the 1st until the 14th day after medication, with higher concentrations in kidney and liver ranging from 838.88 μg/kg to 39.18 μg/kg and from 1988.77 μg/kg to 16.58 μg/kg between the 1st and the 14th day, respectively. Concentrations in muscle and fat, the 1st day after medication, were 233.96 μg/kg and 173.89 μg/kg, respectively and the 4th day they were dropped below the maximum residue limit (MRL), which means that sheep tissues are safe for the consumer. A withdrawal time of 13 days was determined for liver, the main organ used for this calculation.

scholarly journals A study of prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women from rural areas attending to Obstetric Department in Akash Hospital, Karnataka, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845
Author(s):  
Rohini N. S. ◽  
Ravishankar S. N. ◽  
Kala K. ◽  
Rakshith N. R.
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in pregnancy is a significant risk factor for developing upper urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis which is associated with significant maternal and fetal risks. The aim of this study was to know the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy, to identify the organisms and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and to formulate a single or combined rapid screening method as an acceptable alternative to urine culture.Methods: A total of 375 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years were included in this study. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected. Screening tests done were gram staining of uncentrifuged urine, pus cell count, nitrite test and leukocyte esterase test. Identification of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed as per standard urine culture and sensitivity methods.Results: Out of the 375 pregnant women, 31 (8.4%) had significant bacteriuria. High percentage of women with ASB were primigravidas (51.38%) and in 2nd trimester (43.86%). The most common organism isolated was E.coli (56.14%). In screening tests, gram staining of uncentrifuged urine had a sensitivity of 85.71%. Sensitivity of 71.42% was found in Nitrite and leucocyte esterase tests. However, the combination of these two tests, with either test positive, showed sensitivity and negative predictive value of 90.47% and 99.09% respectively.Conclusions: Early detection and treatment of ASB in pregnancy can prevent complications. ASB can be identified by simple and combined rapid screening methods and urine culture along with antibiogram. Therefore, screening and treatment of ASB may be incorporated as routine antenatal care for safe motherhood and healthy newborn.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Ligation-Mediated PCR and Spoligotyping as Screening Methods for Genotyping ofMycobacterium tuberculosis Strains

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 3118-3123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Bonora ◽  
M. Cristina Gutierrez ◽  
Giovanni Di Perri ◽  
Francesca Brunello ◽  
Benedetta Allegranzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Discriminatory Index

Spoligotyping has been suggested as a screening test in multistep genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Relying on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with IS6110 (IS6110 RFLP analysis) as a “gold standard,” we performed a comparative evaluation of spoligotyping and ligation-mediated PCR (LMPCR), a recently described PCR-based typing method, as rapid screening tests for fingerprinting of 158 M. tuberculosis strains collected in Verona, Italy. LMPCR seemed to be comparable to spoligotyping in terms both of feasibility with rapidly extracted DNA and of generation of software-analyzable images. Moreover, LMPCR grouped considerably fewer strains than spoligotyping (38 versus 67%) and was found to reduce the cluster overestimation rate (26.3 versus 58%) and to give a better discriminatory index (0.992 versus 0.970) compared to spoligotyping. In our geographical region, where there was no evidence of clustered strains carrying fewer than six IS6110 copies, LMPCR was found to be more discriminatory than spoligotyping. We also evaluated two models of three-step typing strategies, involving the use of spoligotyping and LMPCR as screening methods and IS6110 RFLP analysis as a further supporting test. LMPCR proved to be a more effective first-step test than spoligotyping, significantly reducing the need for subtyping. LMPCR should be considered an alternative to spoligotyping as a rapid screening method for M. tuberculosis fingerprinting, particularly in areas with a low prevalence of M. tuberculosis strains carrying few copies of IS6110.

Performance of Five Screening Tests for the Detection of Penicillin G Residues in Experimentally Injected Calves

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MACNEIL ◽  
G. O. KORSRUD ◽  
J. O. BOISON ◽  
M. G. PAPICH ◽  
W. D. G. YATES
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Control Calf ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Three calves were each injected with a single intramuscular (IM) dose of penicillin G procaine at either 3750, 7500, or 15000 IU per kg of body weight and killed at 24 h postinjection, along with a control calf that had not received penicillin. Tissues were tested by the Swab Test on Premises (STOP), the Calf Antibiotic and Sulfa Test (CAST), the Brilliant Black Reduction Test (BBRT), the Charm Test II, thin layer chromatography - bioautography (TLC/BA), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples of muscle, liver, and kidney from all injected calves contained detectable penicillin residues when analyzed by HPLC. The BBRT and Charm Test II were the most sensitive test kits for penicillin G in muscle, while the Charm Test II also detected residues in livers and kidneys from all injected animals. The STOP and CAST were less sensitive, although improved performance was observed for the STOP using a modified growth medium. Penicillin residues were detected in all livers and kidneys from injected animals using TLC/BA. Urine collected from injected animals 12 and 24 h postinjection was positive by the Live Animal Swab Test (LAST). All urine and tissue samples from the control animal were negative. The BBRT and Charm Test II appear to offer greater sensitivity for penicillin G residues than such currently used procedures as STOP and CAST but should be confirmed by a suitable laboratory method, such as the HPLC procedure used in this study.

scholarly journals Optimization and Validation of a Multiclass Screening and Confirmation Method for Drug Residues in Milk Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B Clark ◽  
Joseph M Storey ◽  
Sherri B Turnipseed
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Fortified Milk ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Positive Controls

Abstract The further optimization and validation of a multiresidue veterinary drug screening method for milk is described. The drug residues of regulatory interest in milk include -lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. A previously published procedure has been modified to incorporate new compounds and to collect both screening and confirmatory ion transitions in one acquisition method. Milk samples were extracted with an equal volume of acetonitrile. The samples were then subjected to cleanup with a bonded SPE cartridge and a MW cutoff filter. The SPE protocol was modified to effectively recover a metabolite of flunixin. Established tolerance levels are set for most of these drugs in milk; thus, the screening procedure was semiquantitative, using positive controls for comparison. The positive controls, consisting of extracts from milk fortified with the drugs at their tolerance or safe level, were used to set statistically valid minimum response criteria for unknown samples. This updated method was validated with fortified milk, as well as with milk samples from animals administered veterinary drugs.

Rapid Screening Methods for Bleeding Disorders. A Three Year Survey

1964 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A Lovric ◽  
J Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Bleeding Disorders ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Kaolin Clotting Time ◽  
In Infants And Children

SummaryAn adaptation of “kaolin clotting time” and prothrombin time for use on haemolysed capillary blood provided simple and sensitive screening tests suitable for use in infants and children. A survey of three year’s experience shows that these are reliable routine laboratory tests for detection of latent coagulation disorders.

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