Transcriptome Analysis of Salmonella Heidelberg after Exposure to Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Acidified Calcium Hypochlorite, and Peroxyacetic Acid

ABSTRACT The application of RNA sequencing in commercial poultry could facilitate a novel approach toward food safety with respect to identifying conditions in food production that mitigate transcription of genes associated with virulence and survivability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of disinfectant exposure on the transcriptomes of two field isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) isolated from a commercial broiler processing plant in 1992 and 2014. The isolates were each exposed separately to the following disinfectants commonly used in poultry processing: cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), acidified calcium hypochlorite (aCH), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Exposure times were 8 s with CPC to simulate a poultry processing dipping station or 90 min with aCH and PAA to simulate the chiller tank in a poultry processing plant at 4°C. Based on comparison with a publicly available annotated SH reference genome with 5,088 genes, 90 genes were identified as associated with virulence, pathogenicity, and resistance (VPR). Of these 90 VPR genes, 9 (10.0%), 28 (31.1%), and 1 (1.1%) gene were upregulated in SH 2014 and 21 (23.3%), 26 (28.9%), and 2 (2.2%) genes were upregulated in SH 2014 challenged with CPC, aCH, and PAA, respectively. This information and previously reported MICs for the three disinfectants with both SH isolates allow researchers to make more accurate recommendations regarding control methods of SH and public health considerations related to SH in food production facilities where SH has been isolated. For example, the MICs revealed that aCH is ineffective for SH inhibition at regulatory levels allowed for poultry processing and that aCH was ineffective for inhibiting SH growth and caused an upregulation of VPR genes.

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The Influence of Welfare Training on Bird Welfare and Carcass Quality in Two Commercial Poultry Primary Processing Plants

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9080584 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 584

Author(s):

Ellie Wigham ◽

Andrew Grist ◽

Siobhan Mullan ◽

Stephen Wotton ◽

Andrew Butterworth

Keyword(s):

Product Quality ◽

Quality Measures ◽

Processing Plant ◽

Primary Processing ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Commercial Broiler ◽

Poultry Processing ◽

Commercial Poultry ◽

Training Courses ◽

Welfare Measures

The number of broilers slaughtered globally is increasing. Ensuring acceptable welfare conditions for birds at the time of slaughter is paramount in meeting legislative and retailer specifications, and in producing high quality meat. There is knowledge that welfare training programs for members of the farming and red meat slaughter industry can improve animal welfare measures and product quality, however there is little evidence of the effects of welfare training in poultry processing plants. In our study, a comprehensive welfare training program was introduced to a Costa Rican and a British commercial broiler primary processing plant, both of which slaughter birds by way of neck cut post electrical water bath stunning. The effects of this program on some welfare and product quality measures were investigated, both immediately and six months post training. The welfare measures that showed significant improvements post training included; flapping at shackling, pre-stun shocks, stun parameters and effective neck cut. Product quality measures including broken wings and red pygostyles also improved, however the positive effect of training was not seen in all quality measures. Welfare training does have the potential to improve broiler welfare and product quality at slaughter, and these data could help the development and targeting of future welfare training courses and encourage the uptake of welfare training in the poultry slaughter industry.

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Influence of Oily Bird Syndrome on the Shelf-Life of Fresh Ice-Packed Broilers

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-45.9.813 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 813-815 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. L. FLETCHER ◽

D. M. THOMASON ◽

J. O. REAGAN ◽

D. D. SMITH

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Microbial Growth ◽

Food Science ◽

Processing Plant ◽

University Of Georgia ◽

Plate Counts ◽

Poultry Processing ◽

Commercial Poultry ◽

Food Science Department ◽

Retail Conditions

Processed ready-to-cook broiler carcasses were obtained from a commercial poultry processing plant on three separate occasions. The birds were identified at the plant as being either normal or as exhibiting the appearance and feel of birds exhibiting the phenomena collectively termed as “oily bird syndrome” (OBS). The carcasses were packed in ice, transported to the Food Science Department, University of Georgia, held on ice for 24 h and individually bagged and stored under retail conditions at 2°C. At 2, 8, 14 and 20 days postmortem, the birds were examined microbiologically for total plate counts and observed for evidence of spoilage. No consistent trends could be ascertained to indicate that birds exhibiting OBS would have higher total bacterial numbers or shorter shelf-life. Thus, it would appear that birds exhibiting OBS would pose no problems regarding initial microbial loads, microbial growth rates or reduced fresh shelf-life as compared to carcasses not exhibiting OBS.

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Controlling Attachment and Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Polyvinyl Chloride Model Floor Drains Using a Peroxide Chemical, Chitosan-Arginine, or Heat†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-300 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (12) ◽

pp. 2129-2132 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MARK E. BERRANG ◽

CHARLES L. HOFACRE ◽

JOSEPH F. FRANK

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Polyvinyl Chloride ◽

Hot Water ◽

Plate Count ◽

Processing Plant ◽

Peroxyacetic Acid ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Log Reduction ◽

Before And After ◽

Poultry Processing

Listeria monocytogenes can colonize a poultry processing plant as a resident in floor drains. Limiting growth and attachment to drain surfaces may help lessen the potential for cross-contamination of product. The objective of this study was to compare a hydrogen peroxide-peroxyacetic acid–based chemical to chitosan-arginine or heat to prevent attachment of or destroy existing L. monocytogenes on the inner surface of model floor drains. L. monocytogenes was introduced to result in about 109 planktonic and attached cells within untreated polyvinyl chloride model drain pipes. Treatments (0.13% peroxide-based sanitizer, 0.1% chitosan-arginine, or 15 s of hot water at 95 to 100°C) were applied immediately after inoculation or after 24 h of incubation. Following treatment, all pipes were incubated for an additional 24 h; planktonic and attached cells were enumerated by plate count. All treatments significantly (P < 0.05) lowered numbers of planktonic and attached cells recovered. Chitosan-arginine resulted in approximately a 6-log reduction in planktonic cells when applied prior to incubation and a 3-log reduction after the inoculum had a chance to grow. Both heat and peroxide significantly outperformed chitosan-arginine (8- to 9-log reduction) and were equally effective before and after incubation. Heat was the only treatment that eliminated planktonic L. monocytogenes. All treatments were less effective against attached cells. Chitosan-arginine provided about a 4.5-log decrease in attached cells when applied before incubation and no significant decrease when applied after growth. Like with planktonic cells, peroxide–peroxyacetic acid and heat were equally effective before or after incubation, causing decreases ranging from 7 to 8.5 log for attached L. monocytogenes. Applied at the most efficacious time, any of these techniques may lessen the potential for L. monocytogenes to remain as a long-term resident in processing plant floor drains.

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Susceptibility of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria to Common Disinfectant Agents Used in Poultry Processing

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-393 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (7) ◽

pp. 1072-1079 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Tereza Chylkova ◽

Myrna Cadena ◽

Aura Ferreiro ◽

Maurice Pitesky

Keyword(s):

Contact Time ◽

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

Peroxyacetic Acid ◽

Environmental Isolates ◽

Planktonic Bacteria ◽

Current Contact ◽

Bactericidal Effects ◽

Poultry Processing

ABSTRACT Poultry contaminated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica are a major cause of zoonotic foodborne gastroenteritis. Salmonella Heidelberg is a common serotype of Salmonella that has been implicated as a foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of improperly prepared chicken. To better understand the effectiveness of common antimicrobial disinfectants (i.e., peroxyacetic acid [PAA], acidified hypochlorite [aCH], and cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC]), environmental isolates of nontyphoidal Salmonella were exposed to these agents under temperature, concentration, and contact time conditions consistent with poultry processing. Under simulated processing conditions (i.e., chiller tank and dipping stations), the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of each disinfectant were assessed against biofilm and planktonic cultures of each organism in a disinfectant challenge. Log reductions, planktonic MICs, and mean biofilm eradication concentrations were computed. The biofilms of each Salmonella isolate were more resistant to the disinfectants than were their planktonic counterparts. Although PAA was bacteriostatic and bactericidal against the biofilm and planktonic Salmonella isolates tested at concentrations up to 64 times the concentrations commonly used in a chiller tank during poultry processing, aCH was ineffective against the same isolates under identical conditions. At the simulated 8-s dipping station, CPC was bacteriostatic against all seven and bactericidal against six of the seven Salmonella isolates in their biofilm forms at concentrations within the regulatory range. These results indicate that at the current contact times and concentrations, aCH and PAA are not effective against these Salmonella isolates in their biofilm state. The use of CPC should be considered as a tool for controlling Salmonella biofilms in poultry processing environments.

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Use of Foaming Disinfectants and Cleaners to Reduce Aerobic Bacteria and Salmonella on Poultry Transport Coops

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani8110195 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 195 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carolee Hinojosa ◽

David Caldwell ◽

James Byrd ◽

Robert Droleskey ◽

Jason Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressed Air ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Peroxyacetic Acid ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Peptone Water ◽

Poultry Processing ◽

Commercial Poultry ◽

Product Application ◽

Application Methods ◽

Water Rinse

Transport coops are infrequently washed and have been demonstrated to cross-contaminate broiler carcasses. We hypothesized that peracetic acid or a chlorinated cleaner, commonly used within poultry processing plants, can also be used to disinfect transport coops when applied via a compressed air foam system (CAFS). A mixture of fresh layer manure and concentrated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) was evenly applied to the floors of four pre-cleaned transport coops and allowed to dry for thirty minutes. Treatments consisted of a (1) water rinse only, (2) product application with a water rinse, (3) product application followed by power washing and (4) power washing followed by application of product. Each foaming treatment was applied with a compressed air foam system and allowed 10 min of contact time. Samples were aseptically collected from the transport coops prior to and following treatment using a sterile 2 × 2-inch stainless steel template and a gauze swab pre-enriched with buffered peptone water. The chlorinated cleaner significantly (p < 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria and ST by 3.18 to 4.84 logs across application methods. The peroxyacetic acid (PAA) disinfectant significantly (p < 0.05) reduced aerobic bacteria and ST by 3.99 to 5.17 logs across application methods. These data indicate that a compressed air foam system may be used in combination with a commercially available cleaner or disinfectant to reduce aerobic bacteria and ST on the surfaces of commercial poultry transport coops.

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Genetic Diversity of Arcobacter and Campylobacter on Broiler Carcasses during Processing†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1028 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 1028-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

INSOOK SON ◽

MARK D. ENGLEN ◽

MARK E. BERRANG ◽

PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽

MARK A. HARRISON

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Restriction Enzymes ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Processing Plant ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Arcobacter Butzleri ◽

Processing Line ◽

Poultry Processing ◽

Commercial Poultry ◽

The Common

Broiler carcasses (n = 325) were sampled at three sites along the processing line (prescalding, prechilling, and post-chilling) in a commercial poultry processing plant during five plant visits from August to October 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genomic fingerprints of Campylobacter coli (n = 27), Campylobacter jejuni (n = 188), Arcobacter butzleri (n = 138), Arcobacter cryaerophilus 1A (n = 4), and A. cryaerophilus 1B (n = 31) with the restriction enzymes SmaI and KpnI for Campylobacter and Arcobacter, respectively. Campylobacter species were subtyped by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PulseNet 24-h standardized protocol for C. jejuni. A modification of this protocol with a different restriction endonuclease (KpnI) and different electrophoresis running conditions produced the best separation of restriction fragment patterns for Arcobacter species. Both unique and common PFGE types of Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains were identified. A total of 32.8% (57 of 174) of the Arcobacter isolates had unique PFGE profiles, whereas only 2.3% (5 of 215) of the Campylobacter isolates belonged to this category. The remaining Arcobacter strains were distributed among 25 common PFGE types; only eight common Campylobacter PFGE types were observed. Cluster analysis showed no associations among the common PFGE types for either genus. Each of the eight common Campylobacter types consisted entirely of isolates from one sampling day, whereas more than half of the common Arcobacter types contained isolates from different sampling days. Our results demonstrate far greater genetic diversity for Arcobacter than for Campylobacter and suggest that the Campylobacter types are specific to individual flocks of birds processed on each sampling day.

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