Tunisia’s foreign policy towards France before and after an undemanding “revolution”

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-179
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ali Salem
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Media and Foreign Policy on Pak-Afghan Relations (1997-2005): The Role of US and Pakistani Press

2020 ◽  
Vol Volume 4 (Issue 2) ◽  
pp. 454-477
Author(s):  
Ashraf Iqbal ◽  
Dr. Tanveer Hussain ◽  
Javed
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Washington Post ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After

The main purpose of the present research is to investigate Pak-Afghan relations in the editorials of US newspapers, The Washington Post & The New York Times and Pakistani newspapers Dawn & The News related to the following issues during the period 1997-2005; A) US as a factor in Pak-Afghan relation, B) Coverage of Islam/Muslims regarding war on terrorism, C) Pakistan’s stance on Pak-Afghan bilateral relations, and D) US’s stance on Pak-Afghan bilateral relations. The time period to be examined in this proposed study spans over eight years regarding the editorial coverage of Pak-Afghan relations in the US and Pakistani leading English Press. Triangulation method based on qualitative and quantitative method was used to conduct the present research. The results show that the editorial contents of USA and Pakistani newspapers were not different regarding Pak-Afghan relations before and after 9/11. The incident of 9/11 changed the American foreign policy towards developing and least developing nations especially Muslims states like Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran etc. Pakistani press highlighted the issues regarding the Pak-Afghan relations before and after 9/11 as a favorable and conducive, related to Muslim/Islam regarding war on terrorism. The study suggested that instead of the focus on military resolution of the different problems, rather social bilateral negations should be prioritized which would be long lasting and full of mutual respects and honor.

The Origins of the Scandinavian Kingdoms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sverre Bagge
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Scandinavian Society ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Last Glacial

This chapter focuses on the origins of the Scandinavian kingdoms, beginning with a discussion of early Scandinavian society. The history of Scandinavia goes back to the first settlements which date to the end of the last glacial age around 10,000 BC. Already during the last centuries BC, a largely homogenous agricultural zone had developed in Denmark, southern Sweden, the coastal regions of Norway, and southern and western Finland. The rest of Scandinavia was dominated by low-intensive agriculture, hunting and gathering, or pastoral nomadism. After citing examples that point to some continuity in the nature of Scandinavian society before and after the rise of the kingdoms and the introduction of Christianity, the chapter considers Scandinavia's greater involvement in Christian Europe through the Viking expeditions. It also examines the division of Scandinavia into three kingdoms, along with their foreign policy until around 1300.

scholarly journals A Note on Russia's Merchandise Balance and Balance of Payments During the Industrialization Era

Slavic Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Potential Loss ◽  
The Government

Russia's balance of trade (torgovyi balans) and balance of payments (raschetnyi balans) were matters of great concern to the tsarist government before and after the introduction of the gold standard in 1897. Tsarist officials feared that the gold reserves required to maintain (or to go on) the gold standard would be lost if payments abroad exceeded receipts. Moreover, there was concern over the potential loss of political and economic independence if the government had to borrow abroad regularly in order to cover international payments deficits. Russia's foreign policy toward France and Germany was affected significantly by this consideration. Thus, considerable importance rested on the reported estimates of these two balances.

scholarly journals NATO’s Missile Defense Shield: Turkey’s Western Preferences

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Burak KÜNTAY
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Policy Shift

As a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO , Turkey agreed to deploy a missile defense radar system in its southern region of Malatya in 2011. In the context of geopolitical developments before and after this pivotal year -namely, Turkey’s reorientation towards the Middle East, the Arab Awakening, and most recently, the Iranian nuclear deal of 2013- Turkey’s decision had far-reaching regional effects. To offer policy implications surrounding this decision, this paper analyzes the interaction between such political developments and the existence of this shield system within Turkey’s borders. Turkey’s decision to allow installation of the NATO defense shield came amid Western suspicions of Iran’s growing military might, nuclear program, and missile technology. Since Turkish foreign policy ever since the turn of the 21st century has shifted increasingly towards its neighbors in the Middle East, the installation and its hostile reception in Iran seemed out of sync with its foreign policy shift. Subsequently, examining the Turkish decision in light of recent regional developments provides insight about Turkey’s increasingly proactive role as not only a regional, but a global actor. Such examination includes an analysis of Turkey’s global environment through a foreign policy lens both before and after its decision to host the NATO defense shield. Paired with the technical reasons why Iran feels threatened by the missile deployment, such analysis shows that despite the growing polarity in Turkey’s neighborhood, Turkey’s NATO membership and nuanced view of international affairs makes it an important mediator moving forward in Iranian rapprochement with the West.

scholarly journals Andrei Cușco, 1878, înainte și după: construcție națională românească, politici imperiale ruse și viziuni ale alterității în Basarabia de sud / 1878, Before and After: Romanian Nation-Building, Russian Imperial Policies, and Visions of Otherness in Southern Bessarabia

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-51
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
High Point ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire

The reintegration of three Southern Bessarabian districts into the Russian Empire in 1878 represented not only a high point of the Russian-Romanian symbolic competition for Bessarabia, but also the creation of an ‘administrativ aberration’ within the Russian Empire. The former Romanian territories, merged into the new Ismail uezd, preserved their institutional and legal peculiarities for almost 40 years. Thus, the modern structures of an emerging nation-state were transferred into the Russian imperial context. This article will discuss, first, the attitude of a number of Russian observers and officials towards the 1856 – 1878 Romanian administration, with a special emphasis on mutual perceptions and the foreign policy dimension. Second, the article will examine the polemics concerning the alternative strategies for integrating this region within the empire.

scholarly journals Turkish Foreign Policy towards Syria since 2002

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira A. Abdel Gawwad ◽  
Mohamed Mohamed Hussein Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Regional Project ◽  
Syrian Revolution ◽  
The Moment

Since Justice and Development Party (AKP) came to power, Turkey has been transformed from an isolated country from its regional environment to a regional player which had positive relations with most countries in the region, especially Syria. It represents a strategic importance for Turkey. Turkey’s policy towards Syria since 2002 has aimed at reviving its regional role, protecting its national security and achieving its economic interests. The problem of the study revolves around the nature of the determinants and orientations of Turkish foreign policy towards Syria, and changes that have taken place in this policy from the moment of the arrival of AKP to power to the period following the Syrian Revolution. The predicament here is the difficulty in following a general feature of Turkish policy towards Syria, from one stage to another, specifically before and after the revolution.Therefore, the study seeks to know the nature of this policy and its tools, and the extent of its impact on the relations between the two countries. The Syrian Revolution is difficult test for Turkey. To get out of the regional dilemma, Turkey has reoriented its foreign policy. The study has reached several points of results, the most important of which are:1) The change in the Turkish ruling elite since 2002 has been a major factor in the change of Turkish foreign policy towards Syria. 2) Despite the importance of the water factor in Turkish policy towards Syria, it reflected the development of relations between them. If relations between the two countries were good, the talk about conflict over water would decline. 3) Turkey's decision- makers have expected that the Arab revolutions would have a positive impact on the Turkish role in the region. However, the Syrian revolution had a negative impact on turkey and its regional project. 4) AKP has reconsidered ideology as a key determinant of foreign policy after the Arab revolutions by supporting the opposition. However, ideology has retreated in front of the state’s interests. This was evident in the changes of Turkish foreign policy after the failed coup in Turkey. 5) The Syrian crisis has proved that Turkey cannot engage in Syria away from the calculations of regional and international powers.

scholarly journals US Foreign Policy Towards Pakistan: Editorial Treatment of US & Pakistani Press

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ahmed Zuhair Khan ◽  
Tanveer Hussain ◽  
Ashraf Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trump Administration

This research has been designed to investigate US foreign policy towards Pakistan.It has been summarized while analyzing the US foreign policy towards Pakistan vis-à-vis US-Pak relations before and after Trump being elected as President, the US' shift in policy towards Pakistan might not be as drastic for the Pakistani as public statements of the Trump administration propose, because the prospect of treating Pakistan as an enemy is such a frightening one that most American policymakers would rather avoid it than confront it with real seriousness. In current circumstances, it is likely that the US will treat Pakistan as what is colloquially called a "frenemy". However, reductions in military assistance and downgrading of Pakistan's status as a major non-NATO ally are still a possibility.

scholarly journals The study of the Middle East in the Journal International Problems between 1950 and 1990

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-281
Author(s):  
Slobodan Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Middle East Politics ◽  
The 1950S

The paper analyses articles which deal with the Middle East politics, published in International Problems - a scientific journal of the Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade. The author employs the method of content analysis to examine 12 research articles. The analysed articles are classified chronologically, by periods before and after 1956 when socialist Yugoslavia started the implementation of foreign policy based on the Non-Alignment principles (and eventually became one of the founding members of the Movement). That year also coincides more or less with the end of the Balkan Pact. The author particularly analyses ideological stances and tones used in texts, comparing them with the foreign policy of official Belgrade vis-a-vis Moscow and Washington. The author concludes that after the 1950s the revolutionary fervour was lost and the use of the Marxist framework in the analysis of the reality of international relations in the Middle East declined significantly.

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