scholarly journals Turkish Foreign Policy towards Syria since 2002

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira A. Abdel Gawwad ◽  
Mohamed Mohamed Hussein Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Regional Project ◽  
Syrian Revolution ◽  
The Moment

Since Justice and Development Party (AKP) came to power, Turkey has been transformed from an isolated country from its regional environment to a regional player which had positive relations with most countries in the region, especially Syria. It represents a strategic importance for Turkey. Turkey’s policy towards Syria since 2002 has aimed at reviving its regional role, protecting its national security and achieving its economic interests. The problem of the study revolves around the nature of the determinants and orientations of Turkish foreign policy towards Syria, and changes that have taken place in this policy from the moment of the arrival of AKP to power to the period following the Syrian Revolution. The predicament here is the difficulty in following a general feature of Turkish policy towards Syria, from one stage to another, specifically before and after the revolution.Therefore, the study seeks to know the nature of this policy and its tools, and the extent of its impact on the relations between the two countries. The Syrian Revolution is difficult test for Turkey. To get out of the regional dilemma, Turkey has reoriented its foreign policy. The study has reached several points of results, the most important of which are:1) The change in the Turkish ruling elite since 2002 has been a major factor in the change of Turkish foreign policy towards Syria. 2) Despite the importance of the water factor in Turkish policy towards Syria, it reflected the development of relations between them. If relations between the two countries were good, the talk about conflict over water would decline. 3) Turkey's decision- makers have expected that the Arab revolutions would have a positive impact on the Turkish role in the region. However, the Syrian revolution had a negative impact on turkey and its regional project. 4) AKP has reconsidered ideology as a key determinant of foreign policy after the Arab revolutions by supporting the opposition. However, ideology has retreated in front of the state’s interests. This was evident in the changes of Turkish foreign policy after the failed coup in Turkey. 5) The Syrian crisis has proved that Turkey cannot engage in Syria away from the calculations of regional and international powers.

Ratings of Emotional Expressions in Static and Dynamic Facial Recordings Before and After Upper Face Botulinum Injections – An Observational Prospective Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Dobel ◽  
Eva Algermissen ◽  
Jovanna Thielker ◽  
Katharina Geißler ◽  
Gerd Fabian Volk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Presentation Mode ◽  
Frankfurt Am Main ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upper Face ◽  
Static Images ◽  
Reduced Mobility

Abstract Background Botulinum toxin A (BTX) is a neurotoxin widely used for facial aesthetics. It causes dose-dependent muscle paralysis. It was hypothesized that treatment of mimic muscles with BTX might have a positive impact on emotional expression in static images (photos), but a negative impact in dynamic recordings (videos). Objective Comparison of emotional expression recorded in photos and videos before and after treatment with BTX. Methods Twenty healthy women (mean age: 45) received a dose of 19 mouse units (XEOMIN®, Merz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) into the procerus, occipitofrontalis and orbicularis oculi muscles. Photos and videos of the participant’s faces with neutral and happy expressions were recorded before treatment and two weeks later. Recordings were rated by naïve raters blind to the conditions and in balanced order. Results Videos compared to photos were generally rated as more pleasant, arousing, attractive and genuine (all ps>.001). This was especially the case for videos with neutral expression (p=.003). Independent of presentation mode and facial expression, women were rated as more attractive after BTX treatment (p=.03). Conclusion In contrast to the hypothesis, the reduced mobility had no detectable negative impact on dynamic emotional expression, but videos received more positive ratings, particularly for neutral expressions. It is thus recommended to assess emotional expression with dynamic recordings in order to evaluate the effects of treatment with BTX. BTX seems to improve perceived attractiveness, though the cause of this effect remains unclear.

scholarly journals Ecological and/or Nutritional Scores for Food Traffic-Lights: Results of an Online Survey Conducted on Pizza in France

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Stéphan Marette
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Global Score ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nutritional Score ◽  
Open Question

Understanding the hierarchy for consumers between different labels signaling various characteristics defining food sustainability is still an open question. A web survey was conducted in France to examine how providing different scores about the environment and/or nutrition could influence purchase intents for one pizza. 1200 participants were recruited in France in April 2021. They were asked about their purchase intents for one pizza, before and after seeing nutritional and/or ecological scores associated with colors going from green to red. A Global-Score synthetizing both nutritional and ecological dimensions was also tested. The results show that the appearance of scores and colors significantly affect the purchase intents for this pizza. Indeed, for each type of score (namely nutritional, ecological or global), the dominant effect comes from the reduction in purchase intents related to the red color, although green or yellow colors also change purchase intents but to a lesser extent. With the red color, the nutritional score leads to more significant decreases in purchasing intents than the ones related to the ecological score or the Global-Score. With an additional round, the appearance of another score complementing the alternative one underlines that the negative impact of the red color for one score on purchase intents is not outweighed by the positive impact of the green color for the other score.

US imperialism after Iraq

Race & Class ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Harris
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Us Imperialism ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Cold War

The failure of its occupation of Iraq has provoked deep divisions among the US ruling elite over the future of foreign policy. The unilateralism promoted by the neoconservatives has been discredited, yet it is unclear whether the post-Bush era will be dominated by the `realists' or the `globalists', each of whom advocate different pathways for US imperialism. The `realists' — long the dominant trend in US foreign policy thinking — aim to maintain US leadership of the pro-western alliance formed during the cold war, whereas the `globalists', whose economic interests are those of transnational capital, seek to rethink US power within the context of an emerging polycentric world system, the parameters of which remain to be fully articulated. For the moment, there is a disconnect between the transnational economics of globalisation and the nationalist politics of the US ruling class, which remains committed to its belief that America has been uniquely chosen by history, culture and God to lead the world.

scholarly journals SANCTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE IRAN’S ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
M. Rahimian
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Credit Cards ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Future ◽  
International Credit ◽  
The Moment

In period, following the imposition of sanctions, Iran faced many economic problems. Financial sanctions did not allow Iran to access international business, and international credit cards system (MasterCard and VISA) was not extended to Iran. The ways of independent development of Iran, used at the moment and possible in the future have been considered in the article. Of possible alternatives, in particular, the concept of development, based on the forecast, that sanctions have a negative impact on Iran, in accordance with the second, sanctions have a positive impact on Iran, have been analyzed. The author examines in the article both concepts and their impact on the country’s economy.

Trends of Turkish foreign policy in the era of the Justice and Development Party and its implications for Turkish-Gulf relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Fahad Mezban Khazar
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Justice And Development Party ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Dialogue Circles ◽  
The Right

Turkey sought with the arrival of the Islamic-oriented Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2002 to adopt an effective foreign policy based on several principles: the right balance between freedom and security, the problems with neighboring countries, the influence on the internal and external regions of neighboring countries, Multidimensional, and harmonious diplomacy. Turkey has emerged as a regional power and a pivotal player in its regional environment and has sought to develop bilateral relations with countries in the Middle East, including the Middle East, The GCC, which has become one of the important dialogue circles in Turkey's foreign policy.   The aim of the research is to review the principles of the new Turkish foreign policy in the era of the AKP government first, and then to explain the motives for the development of Turkey's relations with the GCC countries and their obstacles. Secondly, the analysis of the economic indicators that give a more accurate picture of the course of Turkish- "Finally," the future of the Turkish-Gulf relations in the light of the geopolitical realities and the developments of the internal and external environment (regional and international).

scholarly journals STRUKTUR DAN KINERJA INDUSTRI KERTAS DAN PULP DI INDONESIA: SEBELUM DAN PASCAKRISIS

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Fitri Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Capital Efficiency

This research is intended to describe how concentrate of industrial market of pulp and paper before and after crisis was occur, and to analyze how impact of structure to pulp and paper industrial performances before and after crisis. Method being used in this research is concentration ratio (CR) either CR4 or CR8. This research is also uses multiple regression to see impact of independent variables (market share, cost of capital, efficiency and cost of raw material) to dependent variable (added value). The results of research are concentration ratio (CR) of total raw material, CR of added value, and CR of output; all of those are increase both CR4 and CR8. This means that crisis have had impact toward increasing concentration ratio pulp and paper industries, whereas CR of wage is decrease. CR4 decrease by 13% and CR8 decrease by 14%. The results of this research also indicate that cost of capital have negative impact to added value of company. Companies whose have less capital would have higher profit, vice versa. Cost of raw material has negative impact on company’s profit. Market share has positive impact on company’s profit.

scholarly journals Turkish foreign policy in a post-western order: strategic autonomy or new forms of dependence?

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085-1104
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kutlay ◽  
Ziya Öniş
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Coercive Diplomacy ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Status Seeking ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
Strategic Autonomy ◽  
Material Power

Abstract Turkish foreign policy has dramatically transformed over the last two decades. In the first decade of the Justice and Development Party's (AKP) rule, the ‘logic of interdependence’ constituted the driving motive of Turkish foreign policy. In the second decade, however, the ‘logic of interdependence’ and the soft power-driven ‘mediator–integrator’ role were gradually replaced with a quest for ‘strategic autonomy’, accompanied by interventionism, unilateralism and coercive diplomacy. This article explores the causes of this dramatic shift. We argue that ‘strategic autonomy’, which goes beyond a moderate level of status-seeking compatible with Turkey's material power credentials, has a double connotation in the Turkish context. First, it constitutes a framework for the Turkish ruling elite to align with the non-western great powers and balance the US-led hierarchical order. Second, and more importantly, it serves as a legitimating foreign policy discourse for the government to mobilize its electoral base at home, fragment opposition and accrue popular support. We conclude that the search for autonomy from its western allies and the move towards the Russia–China axis has led to Turkey's isolation and permitted the emergence of new forms of dependence.

Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang Bulliying Pada Remaja Di SMA N 2 Kabupaten Tebo

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1398-1402
Author(s):  
Suhaela Aro`fah ◽  
Hani Ruh Dwi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Student Knowledge ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bullying Behavior ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Media Power

ABSTRAK Perilaku bullying, yaitu bentuk khusus tindakan perusakan yang dilakukan oleh teman sejawat baik secara fisik maupun sikologis, sedangkan bullying merupakan masalah sosial yang umum dikalangan anak-anak sekolah yang akan berdampak buruk dalam jangka waktu dekat maupun lama. Tujuan kegiatan, siswa dan siswi dapat mengerti dan memahami tentang bulliying. Kegiatan dilaksanakan pada bulan februari 2020. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan cara memberikan pendidikan kesehatan tentang bulliying kepada siswa dan siswi SMA N 2 Kab.Tebo Propinsi Jambi menggunakan media power point dan leaflet. Hasil kegiatan, terdapat hasil yang signifikan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan siswa dan siswi tentang perilaku bulliying sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan pendidikan kesehatan. Kegiatan ini memberikan dampak yang positif terhadap siswa dan siswi SMA N2 Kab.Tebo Propinsi Jambi. Kata Kunci: Bulliying, Pendidikan Kesehatan, Remaja, Siswa dan siswi  ABSTRACT Bullying behavior, which is a special form of destructive actions carried out by colleagues both physically and psychologically, while bullying is a common social problem among school children that will have a negative impact in the near and long term. The purpose of the activity, students and students can understand and understand bullying. The activity was carried out in February 2020. The activity was carried out by providing health education about bullying to students of  Senior High School 2 Tebo Province Jambi using PowerPoint media and leaflets. The results of the activity, there was a significant result of increase in student and student knowledge about bullying behavior before and after health education. This activity had a positive impact on the students of Senior High School 2 Tebo Province Jambi. Keywords: Bullying, Health Education, Teenager, Students 

Re-adapting to Changing Middle Eastern Politics: The Modification in Turkey’s Actor Perception and Turkey-Free Syrian Army (FSA) Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
Mustafa Yetim ◽  
Tamer Kaşıkcı
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Justice And Development Party ◽  
Current Article ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Middle Eastern Politics

This article investigates the current modification in Turkey’s actor perception according to the Middle East’s changing dynamics. Clarifying the shift in Turkish foreign policy under the Justice and Development Party (JDP) and the emergent structural realities in the Middle East as a result of increasing agency of the violent non-state actors (VNSAs) in the aftermath of several Arab revolutions, the current article scrutinizes the adaption of Turkish foreign policy to these regional realities. In this context, to prove Turkey’s active orientation toward the recent regional environment, its exceptional engagement with one of the important VNSAs, namely the Free Syrian Army (FSA) or Syrian National Army (SNA), has been empirically examined. Within this background, the current resurrection of the VNSAs in the Middle East and regional-global actors’ reactions to this reality will also be analyzed. Afterward, Turkey’s unique and swift compliance with this reality and the consequent modification of its actor perception will be explored.

A Theoretical Account of Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarık Oğuzlu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle Power ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
The Impact

Turkish foreign policy has evolved significantly in different directions since 2002. The chapter sheds light on Turkey’s foreign policy during this period and argues that neoclassical realism, which successfully merges the impact of internal and external factors, is the most helpful theoretical perspective to understand this evolution. Turkey is a middle power country located in a delicate regional environment. Structural changes in the dynamics of politics at international and regional levels have produced immense effects on how Turkey’s rulers have defined Turkey’s foreign policy interests and behaviors. While systemic factors have had a strong influence on Turkish foreign policy, their impact has been mediated via the perceptions and interpretations of Turkish ruling elites. Accordingly, the political ideology and interests of these elites have shaped their interpretations of and responses to external developments. Building on this framework, the chapter analyzes Turkish foreign policy since 2002 in three periods: realist pro-Westernism shaping Turkish foreign policy decisively between 2002 and 2011; liberal assertiveness between 2011 and 2015; and re-securitization since 2015. Each period corresponds to a different set of external and internal factors pushing Turkish decision makers to pursue different foreign policies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document