General introduction: the individual as a whole in a total situation*

The objective of this paper is primarily to compare and describe the development of the effective tax rate (relative tax burden) on the taxpayer earning only income from employment and emoluments in the Czech and Slovak Republics. The reason for choosing this type of income has been its importance in terms of the volume of tax collection in the area of natural persons income tax in the Czech Republic. The actual comparison has been performed for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. In all cases, the legal status was considered that was valid and effective as of 31. 12. of particular year. Comparison of the effective tax rate was performed not only between the individual countries themselves, but also chronologically for individual countries (the Czech and Slovak Republics, respectively). After the general introduction, the relevant legislation as to incomes from employment and emoluments in both countries is explained. A separate chapter discusses the specification of the applied methodology, within which basic starting points and the simplifications applied are defined. Another part of the paper contains outputs from compiled mathematical models. These are presented in the form of graphic outputs and supplemented with commentary.

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Seven Tribes in Central Africa

Africa ◽

10.2307/1156753 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 271-274

Author(s):

Elizabeth Colson ◽

Max Gluckman

Keyword(s):

Central Africa ◽

General Knowledge ◽

General Introduction ◽

Joint Publication ◽

Internal Affairs ◽

The Individual ◽

Incorrect Information

In her review of Seven Tribes of British Centra Africa in Africa, xxii. 1 Mrs. Douglas praises the individual essays but criticizes their appearance in a single volume. We do not consider it appropriate for writers to reply to criticism which is levied on the basis of general knowledge and of the internal evidence of a book—indeed, we would ourselves accept the criticism which Mrs. Douglas, with others, has made that the editors should not have shirked the task of providing a general introduction to add to the significance of joint publication of the seven essays. But we consider it legitimate to protest when Mrs. Douglas's criticism is based on inadequate and inaccurate statements about the internal affairs of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, especially as she puts this incorrect information in the form of questions.

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Introduction

Effects of Climate Change on Birds ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198824268.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 3-4

Author(s):

Peter O. Dunn ◽

Anders Pape Møller

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Research Trends ◽

Data Sources ◽

Future Research ◽

Population Changes ◽

General Introduction ◽

The Third ◽

Evolutionary Changes ◽

The Individual

Climate change is considered the largest environmental problem of this century, and birds have been a bellwether of the impacts of climate change on animals because their behaviour and population changes have been documented for decades. Since the first edition of this book the increase in studies of the effects of climate change on birds has been exponential, making it difficult for researchers to stay abreast of developments in the field. In this second edition we enlisted leaders in the field to provide up-to-date summaries of the latest advances in their field. The book consists of four sections. In the first section, there is a general introduction to climate and climate change. In the second section, five chapters provide an introduction to methods and data sources for studying climate change and its effects. In the third section, we have chapters that focus on the individual and population consequences of climate change, ranging from changes in physiology and behaviour to shifts in distribution and abundance and long-term evolutionary changes. In the fourth and last section, the chapters focus on interspecific effects of climate change, some of the conservation challenges we face, and a review of how the effects on birds are linked to other taxa. We end with a chapter reviewing future research trends and challenges.

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Comment: predictability of survival in the individual patient with lung cancer

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.12.1036 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (12) ◽

pp. 1036-1037 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Rubin

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

The Individual

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Bronchogenic carcinoma. General introduction

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.8.653 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (8) ◽

pp. 653-654 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Rubin

Keyword(s):

Bronchogenic Carcinoma ◽

General Introduction

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The Ultrastructure of Monkey Gingival Epithelium

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010006009x ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 16-17

Author(s):

C.N. Sun

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Macaca Nemestrina ◽

Stratum Granulosum ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽

Stratum Spinosum ◽

Cell Layers ◽

Gingival Epithelium ◽

The Individual ◽

Different Thickness

The present study demonstrates the ultrastructure of the gingival epithelium of the pig tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Specimens were taken from lingual and facial gingival surfaces and fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium solution (pH 7.6) for 1 hr, dehydrated, and then embedded in Epon 812.Tonofibrils are variable in number and structure according to the different region or location of the gingival epithelial cells, the main orientation of which is parallel to the long axis of the cells. The cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells contains a great number of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The basement membrane is 300 to 400 A thick. In the cells of stratum spinosum, the tonofibrils are densely packed and increased in number (fig. 1 and 3). They seem to take on a somewhat concentric arrangement around the nucleus. The filaments may occur scattered as thin fibrils in the cytoplasm or they may be arranged in bundles of different thickness. The filaments have a diameter about 50 A. In the stratum granulosum, the cells gradually become flatted, the tonofibrils are usually thin, and the individual tonofilaments are clearly distinguishable (fig. 2). The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are seldom seen in these superficial cell layers.

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A Study of the Ultrastructure of Visual Cell Outer Segment Membranes, Using a Water-Miscible Embedding Medium and Differential Staining

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010009350x ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 50-51

Author(s):

Anthony J. Godfrey

Keyword(s):

Outer Segment ◽

Protein Denaturation ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Differential Staining ◽

Visual Cell ◽

Lead Citrate ◽

Chick Retina ◽

Dark Staining ◽

Embedding Medium ◽

The Individual

Aldehyde-fixed chick retina was embedded in a water-containing resin of glutaraldehyde and urea, without dehydration. The loss of lipids and other soluble tissue components, which is severe in routine methods involving dehydration, was thereby minimized. Osmium tetroxide post-fixation was not used, lessening the amount of protein denaturation which occurred. Ultrathin sections were stained with 1, uranyl acetate and lead citrate, 2, silicotungstic acid, or 3, osmium vapor, prior to electron microscope examination of visual cell outer segment ultrastructure, at magnifications up to 800,000.Sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (Fig. 1) showed that the individual disc membranes consisted of a central lipid core about 78Å thick in which dark-staining 40Å masses appeared to be embedded from either side.

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The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100098952 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 494-495

Author(s):

Anthony A. Paparo ◽

Judith A. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Mytilus Edulis ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Ciliary Activity ◽

Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Intracellular Organelles ◽

The Common ◽

The Individual ◽

Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

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Some Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants (Ozone and Peroxyacetyl Nitrate) on the Ultrastructure of Leaf Tissues

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095066 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 360-361

Author(s):

William W. Thomson ◽

Elizabeth S. Swanson

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Electron Microscopic Examination ◽

Peroxyacetyl Nitrate ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Growth Physiology ◽

Physiology And Biochemistry ◽

Entire Plant ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Gaseous Hydrocarbons ◽

The Individual

The oxidant air pollutants, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate, are produced in the atmosphere through the interaction of light with nitrogen oxides and gaseous hydrocarbons. These oxidants are phytotoxicants and are known to deleteriously affect plant growth, physiology, and biochemistry. In many instances they induce changes which lead to the death of cells, tissues, organs, and frequently the entire plant. The most obvious damage and biochemical changes are generally observed with leaves.Electron microscopic examination of leaves from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and cotton (Gossipyum hirsutum L.) fumigated for .5 to 2 hours with 0.3 -1 ppm of the individual oxidants revealed that changes in the ultrastructure of the cells occurred in a sequential fashion with time following the fumigation period. Although occasional cells showed severe damage immediately after fumigation, the most obvious change was an enhanced clarity of the cell membranes.

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Algorithms for automated montage synthesis of images from laser-scanning confocal microscopes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100139627 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 650-651

Author(s):

D. E. Becker

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

High Resolution ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Cell Counting ◽

Wide Area ◽

Data Set ◽

Computational Synthesis ◽

Automated Cell Counting ◽

Partial View ◽

The Individual

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.

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