Feudalism, Romanticism, and Source Criticism

This chapter investigates the suspicion among New Testament scholars that the author (or the authors) of the Gospel (and Epistles) of John used already written sources which he himself (or they themselves) did not write. Various models of Johannine source criticism are sketched on the basis of selected examples. The chapter delineates the weaknesses and strengths of the source-critical approach on its own terms and to draw conclusions from them for future work. The critical evaluation shows above all that the issue of the literary and non-literary (oral) pre-history of the Johannine writings (‘diachronic’ investigation of the texts) remains an important consideration in Johannes research. Nevertheless, this approach has in the future to take into account more prominently than before the final text and its design (‘synchronic’ investigation of the texts).

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C.A. Willis and the “Cult of Deng: “A Falsification of the Ethnographic Record

History in Africa ◽

10.2307/3171717 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 131-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Douglas H. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Essential Element ◽

Source Criticism

The ethnographic record of Africa, on which anthropologists and historicans rely, is drawn from accounts of widely varying quality written by observers of varying ability. It is frequently distorted, and while we often suspect distortion in specific accounts, we are not always able to pinpoint how that distortion occurred or on what sources it was based. For this reason any use of the ethnographic record must include some form of source criticism if the modern researcher is to have any hope of assessing the quality of the ethnography, or even of discovering just what the record records.“We knew that truth is to be had,” wrote Collingwood, “not by swallowing what our authorities tell us, but by criticizing it,” and modern anthropologists apply this principle in their theoretical reassessments of the classic ethnographies of their predecessors. Many reinterpretations of the works of such anthropologists as Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard have drawn on other sources in the ethnographic record to make their criticisms. But in general anthropologists have found it easier to confine themselves to examining intellectual influences on scholarly works by tracing the genealogy of academic theories, than to investigate what shaped the thoughts and observations of non-academics. The works of soldiers and administrators, for instance, have not always been analyzed as rigorously as the works they are used to criticize. An essential element of source criticism is therefore often missing.

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Shamanistic and postshamanistic terminologies in Saami (Lappish)

Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis ◽

10.30674/scripta.67162 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 185-207

Author(s):

Håkan Rydving

Keyword(s):

Cultural History ◽

Special Problem ◽

General View ◽

Religious Change ◽

Source Criticism ◽

Semantic Fields ◽

Different Parts

The study of the lexicon of a language, of special semantic fields, changes in the meaning of words and comparisons between the lexicon or parts of it in different dialects can provide valuable complements to other types of sources. This is nothing new, and the study of Saami cultural history is in this respect no exception. A number of papers have thus dealt with different parts of the Saami lexicon, central for the understanding of various aspects of Saami culture. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to a problem of source criticism that faces the student of Saami shamanism and is caused by the changes of meaning which words used in the shamanistic context underwent in the period of religious change, i.e. the 17th, 18th and (to some extent) 19th centuries. These changes of meaning render our possibilities of understanding the shamanistic aspects of the pre-Christian Saami religion more difficult as they make it hazardous to draw conclusions about shamanism from what we know about the use and meaning of these words in the later terminologies of magic. The sources from the 17th and 18th centuries derive almost exclusively from persons whose mission in life was to replace the Saami religious rites and conceptions with new ones. A special problem with the shamanistic terminology in Saami has to do with the negative connotations by which even the earliest sources are marked. For example, the Saami words have been translated with 'conjure', `enchantemein', 'sorcerer', 'sorcery', 'witchcraft', 'wizard' etc., a tendency that has coloured the general view of the noaidi.

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SYSTEM PERTAHANAN KAUM SANTRI DI ERA “GANYANG SANTRI” : CANGAAN – JENISARI NJALEN 1995

10.31227/osf.io/67xfu ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Fitrian Munawir ◽

agus mursidi ◽

(Prosiding Seminar Nasional FKIP Univeristas PGRI Banyuwangi

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Historical Research ◽

Defense System ◽

Source Criticism

The Tragedy of Cemethuk at October 18th 1965 raises a question, “Why do the communists of Karangasem could slaughter Pemuda Ansor of Muncar, but they couldn’t touch the santris of Canga’aan?”. Because, geographicly, the distance between Karangasem and Muncar is about 30 km. Whereas, the distance between Karangasem and Canga’an is only 4 km. This research aims to find out the kind of defense system which used by the santris of Canga’an, so that they could saved from the anarchism that the communists of Karangasem made.This research used Historical Research Method. Which are Heuristic, Source Criticism, Interpretation, Hypothesis, and Historiography. With this method, it can be known that the santris of Canga’an didn’t use phisycal defense system. But instead, they only relying on dzikir and obey what kiyai said, not to join the movement of PKI’s members and sympathizers extermination, after G-30S/PKI affair in Jakarta.

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Mahbub Djunaidi, Seniman Politik Nahdlatul Ulama (1960-1987)

Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah ◽

10.36706/jc.v10i2.13609 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 159-174

Author(s):

Farhan Nugraha ◽

Muhammad Fakhruddin ◽

Humaidi Humaidi

Keyword(s):

Political History ◽

The Political ◽

Political Democracy ◽

Source Criticism ◽

Historical Method ◽

Organizational Experiences ◽

Political Activist ◽

History Of ◽

Nahdlatul Ulama ◽

The Ideal

Abstrak: Nahdlatul Ulama merupakan salah satu organisasi Islam terbesar di Indonesia. Organisasi ini lahir tentu dari para tokoh-tokoh besar yang menggawanginya, salah satunya Mahbud Djunaidi. Kemampuan politiknya diperoleh dari berbagai pengalaman organisasi dan kemampuan dalam kepenulisan. Adapun permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana riwayat politik Mahbub Djunaidi sebagai aktivis politik Nahdlatul Ulama pada tahun 1960-1987. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan perjalanan politik Mahbub Djunaidi (1960-1987). Berdasarkan permasalahan dan tujuan penelitian tersebut, maka metode yang digunakan adalah metode historis yang terdiri dari tahap heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Mahbub Djunaidi memiliki konsep khittah plus. Demokrasi politik ala Mahbub Djunaidi adalah cita-cita demokrasi yang diperjuangkan melalui garis politik.Kata Kunci: Mahbub Djunaidi, Demokrasi Politik, Nahdlatul Ulama.Abstract: Nahdlatul Ulama is one of the largest Islamic organizations in Indonesia. This organization was born of course from the big figures who oversee it, one of them Mahbud Djunaidi. His political abilities are obtained from various organizational experiences and abilities in writing. The problem raised in this research is how the political history of Mahbub Djunaidi as a political activist of Nahdlatul Ulama in 1960-1987. Based on these problems, this study aims to describe the political journey of Mahbub Djunaidi (1960-1987). Based on the problems and objectives of the research, the method used is the historical method which consists of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography stages. The results of the study show that Mahbub Djunaidi has the concept of khittah plus. Political democracy in the style of Mahbub Djunaidi is the ideal of democracy which is fought for through political lines. Keywords: Mahbub Djunaidi, Political Democracy, Nahdlatul Ulama.

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Relevansi Filsafat Dialektika Hegel pada Perang Diponegoro Tahun 1825-1830

Criksetra: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah ◽

10.36706/jc.v10i2.13275 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 143-158

Author(s):

Mohamad Wildan Syamsu Dluha

Keyword(s):

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ◽

Basic Sciences ◽

Source Criticism ◽

Historical Method ◽

Dialectical Philosophy ◽

Asking Questions ◽

Life Philosophy ◽

Research Show

Abstrak: Filsafat merupakan sebuah ilmu yang sering kita dengar dan merupakan salah satu ilmu yang paling dasar dalam kehidupan. Filsafat adalah seni bertanya terhadap sesuatu di dalam hidup. Pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh filsafat itu unik karena tujuannya tidak untuk mendapat jawaban tetapi untuk dapat digali lagi pertanyaan lain dari persoalan yang ditanyakan. Pemikiran filsafat beragam salah satunya adalah Filsafat Dialektika yang dicetuskan oleh Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode historis yang terdiri dari tahapan heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil penelitan menunjukkan bahwa perstiwa Perang Diponegoro memiliki relevansi dengan filsafat dialektika Hegel. Hal ini tercermin dari adanya unsur tesis, sintesis dan antitesi dalam peristiwa tersebut. Kepentingan yang diterapkan Belanda menimbulkan perlawanan kerajaan. Perlawanan tersebut merupakan respon rakyat terhadap kebijakan yang tidak tepat. Kondisi tersebut disebut tesis. Konflik ini melahirkan pula taktik strategi perlawanan yang kemudian disebut antitesis.Kata Kunci: Filsafat, Dialektika, Hegel, Perang Diponegoro.Abstract: Philosophy is a science that we often hear and is one of the most basic sciences in life. Philosophy is the art of asking questions in life. The question posed by philosophy is unique because the aim is not to get an answer but to be able to explore other questions from the problem being asked. Various philosophical thoughts, one of which is the Dialectical Philosophy which was initiated by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. This study uses a historical method consisting of heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of the research show that the events of the Diponegoro War have relevance to Hegel's dialectical philosophy. This is reflected in the existence of thesis, synthesis and antithesis elements in the event. The interests of the Dutch led to royal resistance. The resistance is the people's response to inappropriate policies. This condition is called a thesis. This conflict also gave birth to a strategy of resistance tactics which was later called antithesis. KataKeywords: Philosophy, Dialectics, Hegel, Diponegoro War.

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Tracing and Mapping of Cultural Reserves as a Source of Information for Historical Tourism in Langsa City

Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) Humanities and Social Sciences ◽

10.33258/birci.v4i1.1714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1070-1080

Author(s):

Bukhari Bukhari ◽

Madhan Anis ◽

Ramazan Ramazan

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Tourism Destination ◽

Source Criticism ◽

Historical Method ◽

Heritage Buildings ◽

Historical Heritage ◽

Cultural Heritage Objects ◽

Source Of Information

Cultural heritage objects are evidence of historical heritage that is very useful in life, cultural heritage is also useful as a means of education as well as a historical tourism destination for the community. The purpose of this research is to find out historical heritage buildings in Langsa City, then to map the historical heritage buildings to be used as sources of information.The method in this study uses a historical method with stages namely the heuristic stage, the source criticism stage, the interpretation stage and the historiography stage. The result of the research is that there are five historical heritage buildings in Langsa City that have been designated as a Cultural Heritage with the Letter of the Mayor of Langsa in 2016. Then the mapping is carried out on the historical heritage which has been used as a source of information that is very helpful for local, regional, national and foreign tourists who visit Langsa City.

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