Recent Developments in the Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials and Nanosystems for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Organic Artifacts

Cultural heritage (CH) represents human identity and evidence of the existence and activities that people have left over time. In response to the action of aggressive degrading factors, different materials have been developed and used to protect cultural heritage artifacts. The discovery of optimal materials for this purpose also raises several problems, mainly related to their compatibility with the support material, the most important aspect being that they must preserve their aesthetic characteristics. In this context, the present review paper aims to provide a critical discussion about the possibilities of using different inorganic nanomaterials and recipes for the conservation of cultural heritage objects of organic nature (such as paper, wood, and other support materials). In addition, also are covered different aspect concerning protection mechanisms and application methods as well as future perspectives in this area.

Tourism potential of Ukraine in the context of geography and current state of German cultural heritage

The article describes theoretical foundations of the study of tourism potential of the regions of Ukraine in the context of geography and current state of German cultural heritage. The historical preconditions for the formation and development of cultural heritage of German ethnic minority on the territory of the modern Ukraine are studied. Geography of German ethnic minority of the early XX century within the modern territory of Ukraine and geography of ethnic Germans and German cultural heritage in the modern Ukraine are developed. On the basis of a cluster analysis of indicators of the number of preserved objects and the number of former German settlements, groups of regions with high, medium and low potential for the development of ethnic tourism are identified. Odesa, Lviv, Zaporizhzhia, Kyiv and Zhytomyr are the leaders by the number of objects of German cultural heritage among all regions of Ukraine. The group of regions with a medium level of potential for ethnic tourism includes the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Volyn, Kherson, Ivano-Frankivsk, Mykolaiv, Poltava, Chernivtsi, and Khmelnytskyi regions. Seven main types of preserved objects of German cultural heritage in Ukraine are identified. Sacred objects and public buildings and structures are best represented. The objects of German cultural heritage preserved to this day in the context of the regions of Ukraine are described. It was found that the main obstacles to the development of German ethnic tourism in Ukraine are the destruction of many cultural heritage objects, lack of funding for restoration of these objects, insufficient involvement of objects to tourist routes and low level of their promotion. The main ways to overcome these obstacles are identified: allocation of budget funds for the restoration of objects, attracting private investors, international organizations and German community; development of new tourist routes; marking places with information stands, publishing information materials about objects; digitalization of objects; organization of international conferences, round tables, festivals, etc.

Resolving Dimensions: A Comparison Between ERT Imaging and 3D Modelling of the Barge Crowie, South Australia

Three-dimensional (3D) modelling is becoming a ubiquitous technology for the interpretation of cultural heritage objects. However most 3D models are based on geomatic data such as surveying, laser scanning or photogrammetry and therefore rely on the subject of the study being visible. This chapter presents the case study of Crowie, a submerged and partially buried barge wrecked near the town of Morgan in South Australia. Crowie was reconstructed using two alternative approaches; one based on a combination of historic photographs and computer graphics and the second based on geophysical data from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). ERT has been rarely used for maritime archaeology despite providing 3D representation under challenging survey conditions, such as in shallow and turbid water. ERT was particularly successful on Crowie for mapping the external metal cladding, which was recognisable based on very low resistivity values. An alternative 3D model was created using historic photographs and dimensions for Crowie in combination with information from acoustic geophysical surveys. The excellent correspondence between these models demonstrates the efficacy of ERT in shallow maritime archaeology contexts.

RESTORATION OF THE OVERLAP OF A WOODEN LOG BUILDING

The article deals with the diffi culties of restoration of cultural heritage objects related to the implementation of construction works during the restoration of structures, as well as the fi nancing of restoration works. The moments of conducting a survey of the structures of objects of “age” objects are touched upon. For example, the repair of historic wooden ceiling of a log building, considered methods and ways of strengthening wooden elements overlap, products used, a combination of historical and modern materials. As a result of the repair of the wooden fl oor, the spatial rigidity of the building was restored, and the fi re resistance of the structures was increased.

PEDESTRAIN OVERPASSES IN THE COMPLEX TRANSFORMATION OF DEVASTED CITY TERRITORIES

The preservation of the historical, urban planning and architectural heritage of historical cities requires a special approach to the environment modernization. The modern period is characterized by the search for new safe waste management algorithms. It often leads to the construction of large-scale discordant objects. This process puts forward new requirements for the preservation of the visual protection zones of cultural heritage objects. The article is devoted to a promising strategy for optimizing of devastated territories. It includes the creation of overpass pedestrian links, which can be an additional source of landscaping, as well as open up new opportunities for the transit of engineering networks. The article analyzes the possibility of using such architectural and spatial solutions to modernize the waste management infrastructure of urban devastated.

FORMATION AND MONITORING OF SECONDARY X-RAY RADIATION UNDER PRODUCT PROCESSING WITH ELECTRON BEAM

When conducting an industrial radiation processes at an electron accelerator, a part of the beam energy is trans-formed into bremsstrahlung radiation. In such a way, the mixed e,X-radiation is formed in the area behind an irra-diated object. The intensity of the electron and photon components in the radiation is determined by the energy and power of the primary electron beam, as well as by the parameters of the object and devices located behind it. In paper, the characteristics of the e,X-radiation accompanying the product processing by a scanning electron beam with energy 8…12 MeV at a LU-10 Linac of NSC KIPT are studied. The conditions for obtaining a source of sec-ondary X-rays in the state of electronic equilibrium, as well as its monitoring using an extended free-air ionization chamber are explored. Such an extra-source of radiation can be used for carrying out various non-commercial pro-grams like radiation tests, sanitization of archival materials and cultural heritage objects, etc.

Factors Influencing the Fungal Diversity on Audio–Visual Materials

The biodeterioration of audio–visual materials is a huge problem, as it can cause incalculable losses. To preserve these cultural heritage objects for future generations, it is necessary to determine the main agents of biodeterioration. This study focuses on identifying fungi, both from the air and smears from photographs and cinematographic films that differ in the type of carrier and binder, using high-throughput sequencing approaches. The alpha diversity measures of communities present on all types of carriers were compared, and a significant difference between cellulose acetate and baryta paper was observed. Next, the locality, type of carrier, and audio–visual material seem to affect the structure of fungal communities. Additionally, a link between the occurrence of the most abundant classes and species on audio–visual materials and air contamination in the archives was proven. In both cases, the most abundant classes were Agariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes, and approximately half of the 50 most abundant species detected on the audio–visual materials and in the air were identical.

Digital Museumification As a Promising Mechanism for the Preservation and Presentation (Representation) of Historical and Cultural Heritage: Towards the Formulation of the Question

Introduction. During the 20th century the functions and essence of museums have undergone changes. One of the most relevant functions of modern museums is museumification. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the features of digital museumification as a promising direction and an actual form of museumification of material and non-material objects included in the socio-cultural environment. Discussion. The undertaken historiographical review allowed us to conclude that there is a sufficient methodological and factual basis for a comprehensive study of the essence of museumification. At the same time, many problems of the theory and practice of museumification have not even received a problematic definition. Analysis. Museumification is of particular importance in the activities of saving, preserving, and introducing cultural heritage objects into the modern socio-cultural environment. In modern domestic and foreign practice museumification develops in two main directions: removal from the natural area and museumification of cultural heritage monuments through actualization or introduction into the socio-cultural environment. The monument, which is a harmonious part of the socio-cultural environment, does not require artificial conservation of the habitat or the area of the monument. It is determined that for such objects of museumification it is reasonable to use the concept of “dynamic museumification”. The most adequate form of “dynamic museumification” should be considered digital museumification. Results. Digital museumification should be understood as an activity for the transformation of cultural heritage objects into living objects that develop together with their cultural space and socio-cultural environment. Digital museumification is presented as a combination of actions and means pointed at ensuring the implementation of preservation and popularizations tasks within the framework of the “smart city” system being formed. Digital museumification objectively makes it necessary to create open information bases for all interested persons. The detected connection between the space of a monument and the channels of forming the historical memory determines the need for organizing digital museumification in a digital creative urban space.