Physical Force.

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Gregory Claeys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Force

Maximum Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2020) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Margo Okazawa-Rey ◽  
Gwyn Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Air Force ◽  
International Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Latina Women ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Maximum Security ◽  
Class Youth

Okazawa-Rey and Kirk argue that the term maximum security, used in the context of the prison system, is an oxymoron. Jails, prisons, and other ‘correctional’ facilities provide no real security for communities, guards and other prison officials, or inmates. Imprisoning two million people, building more prisons, identifying poor and working-class youth of colour as ‘gang members,’ and criminalizing poor Black and Latina women does not increase security. Rather, the idea of security must be redefined in sharp contrast to everyday notions of personal security that are based on the protection of material possessions by locks and physical force, as well as prevailing definitions of national and international security based on a militarization that includes the police, border patrols, and armed forces such as the Navy, Army, Marines, and Air Force. To achieve genuine security, we must address the major sources of insecurity: economic, social, and political inequalities among and within nations and communities. The continual objectification of ‘others’ is a central mechanism underlying systems of oppression—and insecurity—based on class, race, gender, nation, and other significant lines of difference.

Role of physical forces in compensatory growth of the lung

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (4) ◽  
pp. L179-L189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Rannels
Keyword(s):  
Cell Shape ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Paracrine Factors ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Hormonal Modulation ◽  
Physical Forces

In many species, partial resection of the lung leads to rapid compensatory growth of the remaining tissue to restore normal lung mass and function. The response to partial pneumonectomy is closely controlled; both its rate and nature are subject to hormonal modulation. Physical factors, particularly distortion of the lung by altered inflation, are likely involved in regulation of the response, although the details of the regulatory mechanisms are not understood. In a number of tissues including the lung, application of external physical force leads to both acute and long-term changes in metabolism. In some cases these include cell growth and division, along with increased production of extracellular matrix components. Similar responses have been described after application of stress to isolated cells in culture. Independent lines of investigation have defined dramatic influences of cell shape on growth, differentiation, and metabolism, but stress-strain relationships at the cellular or subcellular levels are poorly defined. The mechanisms by which changes in cell shape are transduced to intracellular signals likely depend on receptor-mediated interactions with the cytoskeleton, but strain-associated transduction pathways may involve stretch-sensitive ion channels, G protein-dependent reactions, the action of locally produced autocrine or paracrine factors, or a combination of these factors. These observations suggest a general model of the response to pneumonectomy that may be used to formulate specific hypotheses as a basis for future investigations. This approach will provide insight into the mechanisms by which physical forces influence growth and metabolism in the lung and other tissues.

Review article: Reclaiming the rebellion: 1798 in 1998

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (123) ◽  
pp. 395-410
Author(s):  
Ian McBride
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Celtic Tiger ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
International Dimension ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
The North ◽  
The Many

Few Irish men and women can have escaped the mighty wave of anniversary fever which broke over the island in the spring of 1998. As if atoning for the failed rebellion itself, the bicentenary of 1798 was neither ill-coordinated nor localised, but a genuinely national phenomenon produced by years of planning and organisation. Emissaries were dispatched from Dublin and Belfast to remote rural communities, and the resonant names of Bartlett, Whelan, Keogh and Graham were heard throughout the land; indeed, the commemoration possessed an international dimension which stretched to Boston, New York, Toronto, Liverpool, London and Glasgow. In bicentenary Wexford — complete with ’98 Heritage Trail and ’98 Village — the values of democracy and pluralism were triumphantly proclaimed. When the time came, the north did not hesitate, but participated enthusiastically. Even the French arrived on cue, this time on bicycle. Just as the 1898 centenary, which contributed to the revitalisation of physical-force nationalism, has now become an established subject in its own right, future historians will surely scrutinise this mother of all anniversaries for evidence concerning the national pulse in the era of the Celtic Tiger and the Good Friday Agreement. In the meantime a survey of some of the many essay collections and monographs published during the bicentenary will permit us to hazard a few generalisations about the current direction of what might now be termed ‘Ninety-Eight Studies’.

Enhanced growth and myogenic differentiation of spheroid-derived C2C12 cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Zhen Jin
Keyword(s):  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Myod Gene ◽  
2D And 3D

Abstract Among many factors of controlling stem cell differentiation, the key transcription factor upregulation via physical force is a good strategy on the lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells. The study aimed to compare growth and myogenic potentials between the parental cells (PCs) and the 1-day-old C2C12 spheroid-derived cells (SDCs) in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions through examination of the cell proliferation and the expression of myogenic genes. The data showed that 1-day-old spheroids had more intense expression of MyoD gene with respect to the PCs. The proliferation of the SDCs significantly higher than the PCs in a time dependent manner. The SDCs had also significantly higher myogenic potential than the PCs in 2D and 3D culture conditions. The results suggest that MyoD gene upregulation through cell-cell contacts is the good approach for preparation of seed cells in muscle tissue engineering.

Challenging the Ordinality of Police Use-of-Force Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342110383
Author(s):  
Scott M. Mourtgos ◽  
Ian T. Adams ◽  
Samuel R. Baty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Lethal Force ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
Force Data

Most use-of-force policies utilized by U.S. police agencies make fundamental ordinal assumptions about officers’ force responses to subject resistance. These policies consist of varying levels of force and resistance along an ordinally ranked continuum of severity. We empirically tested the ordinal assumptions that are ubiquitous to police use-of-force continua within the United States using 1 year’s use-of-force data from a municipal police department. Applying a quantitative technique known as categorical regression with optimal scaling, we found the assumptions of ordinality within the studied department’s use-of-force continuum (which is similar to many police use-of-force continua within the United States) are not met. Specifying physical force as a “lower” force option than less-lethal tools is associated with increased officer injury and decreased subject injury. Our findings call into question use-of-force continua featuring ordinal rankings for varying categories of less-lethal force.

scholarly journals Endogenous Sheet-Averaged Tension Within a Large Epithelial Cell Colony

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep P. Dumbali ◽  
Lanju Mei ◽  
Shizhi Qian ◽  
Venkat Maruthamuthu
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Cell Sheet ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Directional Migration ◽  
Shear Component ◽  
Extensive Cell ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Colony Level

Epithelial cells form quasi-two-dimensional sheets that function as contractile media to effect tissue shape changes during development and homeostasis. Endogenously generated intrasheet tension is a driver of such changes, but has predominantly been measured in the presence of directional migration. The nature of epithelial cell-generated forces transmitted over supracellular distances, in the absence of directional migration, is thus largely unclear. In this report, we consider large epithelial cell colonies which are archetypical multicell collectives with extensive cell–cell contacts but with a symmetric (circular) boundary. Using the traction force imbalance method (TFIM) (traction force microscopy combined with physical force balance), we first show that one can determine the colony-level endogenous sheet forces exerted at the midline by one half of the colony on the other half with no prior assumptions on the uniformity of the mechanical properties of the cell sheet. Importantly, we find that this colony-level sheet force exhibits large variations with orientation—the difference between the maximum and minimum sheet force is comparable to the average sheet force itself. Furthermore, the sheet force at the colony midline is largely tensile but the shear component exhibits significantly more variation with orientation. We thus show that even an unperturbed epithelial colony with a symmetric boundary shows significant directional variation in the endogenous sheet tension and shear forces that subsist at the colony level.

scholarly journals Coupling threshold theory and satellite-derived channel width to estimate the formative discharge of Himalayan foreland rivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
Kumar Gaurav ◽  
François Métivier ◽  
Rajiv Sinha ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Sampat Kumar Tandon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Channel Width ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Remote Sensing Images ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Regulated Rivers ◽  
Threshold Theory ◽  
Discharge Regime

Abstract. We propose an innovative methodology to estimate the formative discharge of alluvial rivers from remote sensing images. This procedure involves automatic extraction of the width of a channel from Landsat Thematic Mapper, Landsat 8, and Sentinel-1 satellite images. We translate the channel width extracted from satellite images to discharge using a width–discharge regime curve established previously by us for the Himalayan rivers. This regime curve is based on the threshold theory, a simple physical force balance that explains the first-order geometry of alluvial channels. Using this procedure, we estimate the formative discharge of six major rivers of the Himalayan foreland: the Brahmaputra, Chenab, Ganga, Indus, Kosi, and Teesta rivers. Except highly regulated rivers (Indus and Chenab), our estimates of the discharge from satellite images can be compared with the mean annual discharge obtained from historical records of gauging stations. We have shown that this procedure applies both to braided and single-thread rivers over a large territory. Furthermore, our methodology to estimate discharge from remote sensing images does not rely on continuous ground calibration.

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