Violence and constraints in combat sport

Combat sports have an intermittent nature, with mixed anaerobic and aerobic energy production. Here, we investigated whether polymorphisms that have been previously suggested as genetic markers for endurance or power phenotypes were associated with combat-sport athletic status. A total of 23 previously reported performance-related polymorphisms were examined in a Brazilian cohort of 1,129 individuals (164 combat-sport athletes and 965 controls), using a case-control association study. We found that the GABPβ1 gene (also known as NRF2) was associated with athletic status, with the minor G (rs7181866) and T (rs8031031) alleles overrepresented in athletes (P ≤ 0.003), especially among world-class competitors (P ≤ 0.0002). These findings indicate that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the GABPβ1 gene increase the likelihood of an individual being a combat-sport athlete, possibly due to a better mitochondrial response to intermittent exercises.

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The Magnitude of Rapid Weight Loss and Rapid Weight Gain in Combat Sport Athletes Preparing for Competition: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0165 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Joseph J. Matthews ◽

Edward N. Stanhope ◽

Mark S. Godwin ◽

Matthew E.J. Holmes ◽

Guilherme G. Artioli

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Rapid Weight Loss ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Rapid Weight Gain

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Prevalence and patterns of combat sport related maxillofacial injuries

Journal of Emergencies Trauma and Shock ◽

10.4103/0974-2700.70744 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 314 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Mohammad HoseinKalantar Motamedi ◽

Alireza Ashuri ◽

PooyanSadr Eshkevari ◽

Gholamreza Shirani

Keyword(s):

Maxillofacial Injuries ◽

Combat Sport

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Do professional fights go too long?: A video review of concussions and their consequences in professional boxing and MMA matches

10.1101/2020.04.28.20073221 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Charles Bernick ◽

Tucker Hansen ◽

Winnie Ng ◽

Vernon Williams ◽

Margaret Goodman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Video Analysis ◽

Medical Personnel ◽

Combat Sports ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Policy Changes ◽

Brain Health ◽

Video Review ◽

The Mean ◽

Retrospective Video Analysis ◽

Professional Boxing

AbstractObjectivesDetermine, through video reviews, how often concussions occur in combat sport matches, how well non-medical personnel can be trained to recognize concussions and how often fights are judged to continue too long.MethodsThis is a retrospective video analysis by an 8 person panel of 60 professional fights (30 boxing and 30 mixed martial arts). Through video review, medical and non-medical personnel recorded details about each probable concussion and determined if and when they would have stopped the fight compared to the official stoppage time.ResultsA concussion was recorded in 47/60 fights. The fighter that sustained the first concussion ultimately lost 98% of the time. The physician and non-physician raters had 86% agreement regarding the number of concussions that occurred to each fighter per match. The mean number of concussions per minute of fight time was 0.08 (0.06 for boxers and 0.10 for MMA). When stratifying by outcome of the bout, the mean number of concussion per minute for the winner was 0.01 compared to the loser at 0.15 concussions per minute. The physician raters judged that 24 of the 60 fights (11 boxing [37%]; 13 MMA [43 %]) should have been stopped sooner than what occurred.ConclusionRecognizing that the losing fighter almost always is concussed first and tends to sustain more concussions during the fight, along with the demonstration that non-physician personnel can be taught to recognize concussion, may guide policy changes that improve brain health in combat sports.

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Karate's ambiguity: Traditional martial art or modern combat sport

Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas ◽

10.18002/rama.v14i2s.6000 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2s) ◽

pp. 68

Author(s):

Rudolf Jakhel

Keyword(s):

Scientific Community ◽

Western World ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Basic Study ◽

Martial Art ◽

Radical Conversion

<div><p>After a radical conversion of the old Okinawan, anti-samurai martial art <em>toti</em> in the 1920s, a new, in effect Japanese modern combat sport, <em>karate</em>, came into being. The very first karate sports contest already took place in 1930. But, at the end of 1950s, karate started to be exported to the Western world as a traditional martial art of Japanese samurai, even if the samurai had not known karate. That then already omnipresent doctrine has allowed no other perception despite the fact that, globally, the prevalent phenomenon in the field has been karate sports contests in bouts and katas. Exposing the concept of karate as a traditional martial art to be an unhistoric, artificial ideological superstructure, this study is based on more than 50 years of accumulated scepticism of the author that has been confirmed through communication with students of various karate styles and the evaluation of several publications and studies. It is hoped that the findings of this basic study will encourage the sports scientific community to favor further research directed to indisputable and unambiguous explanation of karate.</p></div>

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Design and Analysis of Electronic Wearables for Taekwondo Sports

10.32920/16815016.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fayez Qureshi

Keyword(s):

Scoring Systems ◽

Classification Algorithms ◽

Final Decision ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Body Contact ◽

Impact Detection ◽

Home Training ◽

Great Step ◽

Real Time Application ◽

Full Body

<div>Taekwondo is a combat sport that is based on striking and involves full body contact. Initially, it a referee-exclusive sport and that led to increased controversy on referee/judges’ accuracy, bias and fairness. To address these concerns, point scoring systems (PSS) were introduced in 2012 only consisting of a chest protector and in 2016 head protectors were added. Constant improvements have been made on these PSS and new impact classification algorithms and hardware were developed for a system made by 20/20 Armor. The work achieved 90% accuracy for illegal vs legal classification on the head protector and 94.4% accuracy between legal impacts to the chest protector. This work proved to be a great step forward since reliance is increasing on these PSS as they are now the “final decision” for impact detection in Taekwondo. Furthermore, our algorithms use edge computing that allow for real time application and at-home training.</div>

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Theoretical Basis of Technical-tactical Behavior and its Application in Ultimate Full Contact Training

The Open Sports Sciences Journal ◽

10.2174/1875399x02114010009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 9-13

Author(s):

Fernando C. Loio Pinto ◽

Henrique P. Neiva ◽

Ricardo Ferraz

Keyword(s):

Technical Efficiency ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Combat Sports ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Training Process ◽

Training Models ◽

Full Contact ◽

Physiological Load ◽

Tactical Training ◽

Tactical Knowledge

Background: Technical-tactical training has been shown to be relevant to performance in a competition. In this regard, several studies have analysed the efficiency of technical-tactical dynamics in combat sports. However, these researchers have mainly focused on technical efficiency, and therefore more research is needed regarding tactical efficiency. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published experiential studies on Ultimate Full Contact. Objective: This brief review will analyse the theoretical basis of technical-tactical behaviour for training application in Ultimate Full Contact, characterising the modality under cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches. This knowledge can be transferred and applied to similar modalities, such as Pankration, Free Fight, Shooto, and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Conclusion: The theoretical technical-tactical knowledge created through competition is essential because it is the only way that improvement in the training process can occur. Ultimate Full Contact is characterised as a combat sport of special complexity and intermitent intensity, where the technical-tactical factors are decisive for the performance while the physical component can be a conditioning factor. A careful regulation between technical-tactical training load and physiological load is essential to obtain adjustable adaptations. Both cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches should be considered based on the respective training models.

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Acute Caffeine Ingestion did not Enhance Punch Performance in Professional Mixed-Martial Arts Athletes

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061422 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1422 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arthur de Azevedo ◽

Mauro Guerra ◽

Leonardo Caldas ◽

Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Martial Arts ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Force Transducer ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Double Blind ◽

Caffeine Ingestion ◽

Punch Force

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where competitors utilize strikes (punches, kicks, knees, and elbows) and submission techniques to defeat opponents in a cage or ring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on punching performance by professional MMA athletes. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Eleven professional MMA competitors (27.6 ± 4.3 years and 83.5 ± 7.8 kg of body weight) ingested a dose of caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min prior to three sets of punching. Each set consisted of 15 s, at which participants were asked to perform straight punches with maximum strength and frequency with his dominant arm. After each set, a 45 s recovery time was applied. Using a force transducer attached to a cushioned plate, the punch frequency, and mean and maximal punch force was measured. The readiness to invest in both physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort was assessed prior to the protocol, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after. Caffeine ingestion did not result in increased punching frequency, mean and maximum punch force, RTIPE, RTIME, and RPE when compared to the placebo condition. Based on these results, acute caffeine ingestion did not improve punching performance in professional MMA athletes.

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