Soviet Russia, Imperial Japan and the USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Paul Dukes
Keyword(s):  
The Usa ◽  
Imperial Japan ◽  
Soviet Russia

scholarly journals Economic problems and the threat of the Old World: the USA media assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
Sergey Olegovich Buranok ◽  
Katerina Vyacheslavovna Belyaeva ◽  
Margarita Igorevna Tulusakova
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Red Scare ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Media ◽  
Soviet Russia

The paper is dedicated to the evolutionary formation process of the American mass media perception towards the Soviet Russia during the severe Russian famine of 1921-1922, also known as the Povolzhye famine. The research novelty lies in the deep analysis of the US press assessments concerning the famine. The authors provide the results of their American newspapers examination regarding the image formation of the Soviet authorities, the Soviet people and the so-called Red Scare. The authors research included a review of the main anti-Soviet arguments made by the media; the review revealed that the Povolzhye famine image had a crucial role in the labeling Russia as a retrogressive country. Studying this informational phenomenon allows researchers to understand what impact it had on Soviet-American relations, since it directly affected the perception of Russia and the Russian/Soviet people through the media. This, in turn, might help with comprehension of some stereotypes about Russia that can still be encountered in the American public opinion to date.

scholarly journals The Ensemble Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and Scientific Realism

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Alexander Pechenkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Statistical Interpretation ◽  
Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Ensemble Approach ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Lev Landau

The article takes under consideration three versions of the ensemble (statistical) interpretation of quantum mechanics and discusses the interconnection of these interpretations with the philosophy of science. To emphasize the specifics of the problem of interpretation of quantum mechanics in the USSR, the Marxist ideology is taken into account. The present paper continues the author’s previous analysis of ensemble interpretations which emerged in the USA and USSR in the first half of the 20th century. The author emphasizes that the ensemble approach turned out to be a dead end for the development of the interpretation of quantum mechanics in Russia. The article also argues that in Soviet Russia, the classical Copenhagen (standard) approach to quantum mechanics was used. The Copenhagen approach was developed by Lev Landau in 1919–1931 and became the basis of the Landau-Lifshitz famous course on quantum mechanics, one of the classics of twentieth-century physics literature (the first edition was published in 1947). Although Vladimir A. Fock’s approach to the interpretation of quantum mechanics differs from the standard presentation by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, Fock put forward a very important principle that complementarity is a “firmly established law of nature”. The fundamental writings of Lev Landau, Vladimir Fock and Igor Tamm, the authors of the mid-twentieth century, did a lot to defend the standard point of view such as the popular interpretations by Landau and Lifshitz. This approach can be traced back to Landau’s early writings and to Fock’s criticism of the ensemble approach.

BOLSHEVIK MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA IN THE 20-30s OF THE 20th CENTURY AND ITS MILITARY-TECHNOLOGICAL, PERSONNEL AND POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST NAZISM IN THE FIRST YEARS OF WORLD WAR II (ACCORDING TO V.M. CHERNOV)

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Konstantin G. Malikhin ◽  
Oleg V. Schekatunov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Second World

The article is devoted to the assessment of the results of the Bolshevik modernization of Russia in the 20-30s of the 20th century in its military-technological, personnel and political aspects on the example of the struggle of Soviet Russia with Nazi Germany in the first years of World War II and the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the topic is due to the contradictions in the assessments of the Bolshevik transformations of the 20-30s. In historiography and in the public mind, disputes about the role of these transformations for victory in the Second World War and WWII are not abating. This is especially true of the first years of the Second World War, which led the USSR to disaster. This problem was analyzed by an outstanding theoretician, leader of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and a figure of the Russian intellectual emigration V.M. Chernov. As historical sources, the article considers a number of such interesting documents as the letter of V.M. Chernov to I. V. Stalin in 1942 and issues of the emigre magazine “For Freedom!ˮ published in the USA. Using these sources as an example, the position of V.M. Chernov on the successes and failures of the Bolshevik reform of Russia and the related victories and defeats of the Red Army in the early years of the War. It is proved that the failures of the USSR in the first years of the War were the result of a number of political and personnel problems, some of which were caused by the accelerated "assault" nature of the Bolshevik modernization of the 1920s and 1930s.

scholarly journals GEORGY IVANOVICH CHELPANOV AND LABOR PSYCHOLOGY

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-183
Author(s):  
Н. Ю. Стоюхина
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Applied Psychology ◽  
The Usa ◽  
German Origin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Near Future ◽  
American Scientist

В статье анализируются результаты поездки Г.И. Челпанова в Америку в 1911 г., куда он направился во время строительства Психологического института при Московском университете для ознакомления с организацией психологических институтов и лабораторий, в которых работали виднейшие ученые Дж.М. Кеттелл, Р. Вудвортс, Э.Б. Титченер, Д.Р. Энджелл, Х.А. Карр, Ч.Х. Джадд, Д.Ф. Шепард, У.Б. Пиллсбери, С. Холл, Г. Мюнстерберг и др. Устройство и принципы работы руководимых ими научно-исследовательских подразделений оставили большое впечатление. По приезде в Москву в своих выступлениях он неоднократно возвращался к своим американским воспоминаниям. Начало ХХ в. характеризовалось зарождением прикладной психологии, а одним из ее направлений была психология труда. Американский ученый немецкого происхождения Г. Мюнстерберг - признанный в мире основатель прикладной психологии, за трудами которого внимательно следил Г.И. Челпанов. Именно ее развитие стала предметом обсуждения в его выступлениях в 1911 - 1912 гг. Главные вопросы, требовавшие незамедлительного ответа - области приложения прикладной психологии и кто будет этим заниматься в России. Именно Психологический институт, оснащенный самыми современными приборами, должен был готовить к будущим научным исследованиям тех молодых людей, которые в скором времени займутся прикладной психологией. Так и произошло - с 1912 г. заработал Психологический институт, где воплощались замыслы Г.И. Челпанова. В 1921 г., т.е. ровно 100 лет назад, уже в Советской России, он возвращается к теме прикладной психологии, имевшей конкретное имя - психология труда. Он наметил задачи, требовавшие незамедлительного решения, которые, как показала практика 1920-30-х гг., решались советскими учеными. The article addresses G. I. Chelpanov’s trip to the USA in 1911, where he went during the construction of the Psychological Institute at Moscow University to get acquainted with the organization of psychological institutes and laboratories, where the most prominent scientists J. M. Cattell, R. Woodworth, E. B. Titchener, J.R. Angell, H. A. Carr, C. H. Judd, J. F. Shepard, W. B. Pillsbury, S. Hall, G. Münsterberg and many others worked, the structure and principles of the research led by them left a great impression. Speaking upon his arrival in Moscow, he repeatedly returns to his American memories. The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by the emergence of applied psychology, and one of the areas was labor psychology. The American scientist of German origin G. Münsterberg is the internationally recognized founder of applied psychology, whose works G. I. Chelpanov knew and followed. It was its development that became the subject of discussion in his speeches in 1911 and 1912. The main questions that demanded an immediate answer were the areas of application of applied psychology and personalities who would implement this in Russia. It was the modern and equipped with the most modern devices Psychological Institute that was supposed to prepare for future scientific research those young people who would soon be engaged in applied psychology. And so, it happened - since 1912 the Psychological Institute was opened, where G. I. Chelpanov’s ideas were manifested. In 1921, already in Soviet Russia, he returned to the topic of applied psychology, which already had a specific name - labor psychology. He outlined the tasks that needed to be addressed in the near future, which, as the practice of the 1920s and 1930s showed, were solved by Soviet scientists.

scholarly journals CANONIZATION OF THE AVANT-GARDE: ON THE PUBLICATION AVANT-GARDE MUSEUM

Muzealnictwo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
Jarosław Lubiak
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Soviet Russia

The monumental publication Avant-garde Museum (ed. Agnieszka Pindera, Jarosław Suchan, Muzeum Sztuki w Łodzi, Łódź 2020) juxtaposes and analyses four museum projects: Museums of Artistic Culture in Soviet Russia, the activity of the Société Anonyme in the USA, Poland’s ‘a.r.’ Group, and the Kabinett der Abstrakten, the selection criterion being that each was conceived by Avantgarde artists; additionally, in the projects’ assumptions the artists were to run the implementation of the projects. The publication has been divided into three sections: research papers, source texts, and the catalogue of documents and works. The study of the Avant-garde museum projects spans over four areas: the concept, collection, organization, and display. However, these issues are not isolated in the research, but more purposefully integrated. The main goal of the study is to show how the Avant-garde institutionalized itself. This very thesis is reflected upon in the present paper. Just like the consequences of this publication: e.g., entering the Avant-garde into the canon of art history and sanctifying its output as an unquestionable value.

China in the Japanese Radical Gaze, 1945–1955

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
CURTIS ANDERSON GAYLE
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International System ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Japanese Colonialism ◽  
American Hegemony ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
Imperial Japan ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Of Resistance

AbstractJapanese images of China have much to tell us about the way Japan sees its own modernisation and its place in the international system. Contrary to popular belief, Japan did not turn unabashedly toward the USA after 1945. During the first decade after World War II, a number of important Japanese radical historians and thinkers decided that modernisation could be accomplished without the help of the West. Just when many in Japan were looking to America and Europe as exemplars of modernisation, others looked instead to revolutionary China and its past struggles against Japanese colonialism in the construction of a very different historical position from that ordinarily associated with the early post-war years. Certain Japanese historians, inspired by the push toward decolonisation in Asia, set about writing the history of the present in ways that aligned Japan with modern Chinese history. Even though China had just been liberated from Japanese colonial rule, Japanese Marxists saw their own position—under American imperialism—as historically and politically congruous with China's past war of resistance against Japan (1937–45). Through campaigns to develop a kind of cultural Marxism on the margins of Japanese society, they sought to bring about post-war Japanese ‘national liberation’ from American hegemony in ways that consciously simulated past Chinese resistance to Imperial Japan. Replacing Japan's own cultural Marxist traditions from the pre-war era with the more palpable and acceptable example of China, they also hoped a new form of Asian internationalism could remedy the problem of Japan's wartime past. The historical irony associated with this discursive twist deferred to future generations the problem of how the Left* would come to terms with the past.

More than a ‘moment’: Woodrow Wilson and the foundations of twentieth century Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick R. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
American President ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Modern Japan ◽  
Imperial Japan ◽  
Second World ◽  
Industrial State

AbstractWoodrow Wilson's name remains forever entwined with the Paris Peace Conference and efforts to transform geopolitics after 1918. Despite recent emphases on the power of this so-called ‘Wilsonian Moment,’ initiatives by the American president remain controversial, and his principal global legacy has come to be defined as the rise of nationalism in the developing world. In the historiography of modern Japan, Wilson and the Paris Conference have long been identified less as opportunities than as challenges, embodied unmistakably in Prince Konoe Fumimaro's 1918 condemnation of the conference and the proposed League of Nations as beneficial only to the USA and Britain. Reading back from 1931, historians of modern Japan have located in the Versailles settlement seeds of an epic new expansionary effort from the Manchurian Incident to the destruction of Imperial Japan. This paper, by contrast, analyzes the interwar years on their own terms and, in so doing, locates the structural foundations of a dramatic Japanese national departure. Wilson is more than a ‘moment’ in interwar Japan. Embraced at the very moment that a largely agricultural and regional nineteenth-century Japan becomes a twentieth-century industrial state and world power, it is potent enough to withstand the illiberal tide of the 1930s and 40s to blossom again after the Second World War.

Modern English Historiography of the Communist International: A General Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Ilya Suzdaltsev
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the analysis of the 21st-century English-language historiography of the Communist International. Contemporary historians are showing increasing interest in the study of this international organization. Three available conceptual approaches to this topic (“traditionalist”, “revisionist”, and “post-revisionist”) are considered and characterized, the works of historians from Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand are analyzed. The article demonstrates an increase in research interest in the Communist International. In a fairly large volume of studies, there are monographs and articles devoted to the organization both directly (the historiography of the Comintern, the activities of its sections around the world, etc.) and indirectly, i.e., to related issues such as the history of communism, in particular, and the left forces, in general, international relations of Soviet Russia, the communist movement in individual countries, etc. These studies touch on the period of the Comintern's activity from 1920 to the end of the 1930s, including several controversial issues: the impact on the policy of the national communist parties of the “The Twenty-one Conditions”, united front tactics, Bolshevization, Stalinization, and the Popular Front. The author believes that most of the studies (especially those published in the first decade of the 21st century) are based on studies published long before the 2000s, however, archival materials are being used in increasing volumes, which makes modern research more objective. This gives grounds for a conclusion about the revision of the historiographic tradition of the Comintern that existed in the 20th century: new approaches (“revisionist” and “post-revisionist”) entailed a change in emphasis and a revision of some established points of view. Authors adhering to these approaches rely mainly on modern literature (including Russian) and a wide source base represented by materials from both national archives and the Russian State Archives of Social-Political History.

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