Frequency Distributions, Graphic Representation and Measures of Central Tendency

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-25
Author(s):  
Richard Startup ◽  
Elwyn T. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Graphic Representation ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Frequency Distributions

scholarly journals Impact of Digital Revolution on the Structure of Nigerian Banks

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
A.A. Agboola ◽  
D.O. Yinusa ◽  
O.O. Ologunde
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The Mean

The study examined the extent to which digital revolution has affected the organizational structure of Nigerian banks. Twenty-five banks were selected for the study in south-western Nigeria. Interview was conducted for middle and top level managers and questionnaire was developed and administered to the other staff using a five-point Likert scale to determine the attitudes and opinions of the staff on the effects of digital revolution on the organizational structure of the banks. The mean was used as an indicator of central tendency for quantitative variables that have frequency distributions in the study.

An Illustration of the Common Statistical Averages

1952 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 578-581
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Hallerberg
Keyword(s):  
General Type ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Good Representative ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common

In order to illustrate the use of some of the more common measures of central tendency in the field of statistics, it is usually necessary to refer to frequency distributions based upon different kinds of observations or measurements. This is natural and appropriate, since such measures as the arithmetic mean, the mode, and the median, do not always give equally good representative values for a given set of numerical data. Different types of frequency distributions (i.e., groupings of data into classes with the corresponding frequency of each class), or at least different distributions of the same general type, must therefore be used to illustrate these statistical averages and to show when each gives a more typical value.

Essential statistics and epidemiology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cleary ◽  
Sam Ghebrehewet ◽  
David Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Categorical Data ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Disease Clusters

This chapter provides a grounding in basic statistics, descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology, and hypothesis testing appropriate for health protection practitioners. The analysis of categorical data using frequency distributions, and charts, and the interpretation of epidemic curves is described. The description of quantitative data including central tendency, standard deviation, and interquartile range is concisely explained. The role of geographical information systems and different disease map types is used to demonstrate how disease clusters may be detected. Determining possible association between specific risk factors and outcome is described in the section on analytical epidemiology, using the risk ratio and the odds ratio. The use of these in different study/investigation types is explained. The importance of confounding, matching, and standardization in study design is described. The final part of the chapter covers hypothesis testing to distinguish between real differences and chance variation, and the use of confidence intervals.

scholarly journals DETECÇÃO DE TENDÊNCIAS CLIMÁTICAS DA PRECIPITAÇÃO PLUVIOMÉTRICA EM ANOS ANÔMALOS (MUITOS) SECOS PARA O MUNICÍPIO DE CAICÓ-RN

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Bruno Claytton Oliveira SILVA ◽  
Ranyére Silva Nóbrega ◽  
Ana Maria Jerônimo Soares
Keyword(s):  
Kendall Test ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Mann Kendall Test ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho objetivou analisar a tendência da Precipitação Pluviométrica Acumulada Anual (PPAA), especialmente, em anos categorizados como anômalos secos ou muito secos, para o município de Caicó-RN. Para tanto, foi utilizada a série histórica correspondente ao período de 1911 a 2009, obtida a partir da Rede Hidroclimatológica do Nordeste, pertencente a Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE). Ademais, fez-se uso dos seguintes recursos metodológicos e técnicos: Distribuições de Frequência; Medidas de Tendência Central e Dispersão; Testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov; gráficos Dot-plot; teste T para amostra única (ɑ = 0,05); e, finalmente, o Teste de Mann-Kendall (ɑ = 0,05). Os resultados apontaram que 35,4%, do total de dados série (99 anos), foram considerados abaixo do normal, sendo 15,2% desses identificados como muito secos e 20,2% como secos. Além disso, avaliando-se a variabilidade dos totais precipitados por categoria (muito secos e secos), percebeu-se maior variação dentre os anos muito secos (CV = 37,2%) em relação aos anos secos (CV = 9,9%). Além disto, notou-se que as PPAAs, para ambas as categorias, não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à média da série. Finalmente, foram observadas tendências dispares, para as duas categorias em questão, sendo positiva para os anos muito secos e negativa para os anos secos. Palavras-chave: Precipitação Pluviométrica; Estiagem Prolongada; Teste de Mann-Kendall.   DETECTION OF TRENDS CLIMATE PLUVIOMETRIC PRECIPITATION IN YEARS ANOMALOUS (MANY) DRY FOR THE COUNTY OF CAICÓ-RN Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the trend of annual accumulated Pluviometric Precipitation (PPAA), especially in years classified as anomalous dry or very dry, for the municipality of Caicó-RN. For that, the historical series corresponding to the period of 1911 a 2009, obtained from the Rede Hidroclimatológica do Nordeste, belonging to the Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE) was used. In addition, the following methodological and technical resources were used: Frequency Distributions; Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion; Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests; Dot-plot graphics; T test for single sample (ɑ = 0.05); And finally, the Mann-Kendall test (ɑ = 0.05). The results indicated that 35.4% of the total data series (99 years) were considered below normal, 15.2% of which were identified as very dry and 20.2% as dry. In addition, the variability of precipitated totals by category (very dry and dry) was higher in dry periods (CV = 37.2%) than in dry years (CV = 9.9%). In addition, it was noted that PPAAs, for both categories, did not present significant differences in relation to the mean of the series. Finally, different trends were observed for the two categories in question, being positive for the very dry years and negative for the dry years. Keywords: Pluviometric Precipitation; Dry; Mann-Kendall test.   DETECCIÓN DE TENDENCIAS CLIMÁTICAS DE LA PRECIPITACIÓN PLUVIOMÉTRICA EN AÑOS ANOMALOS (MUCHOS) SECOS PARA EL MUNICIPIO DE CAICÓ-RN Resumen El trabajo objetivó analizar la tendencia de la Precipitación Pluviométrica Acumulada Anual (PPAA), especialmente, en años categorizados como anómalos secos o muy secos, para el municipio de Caicó-RN. Para ello, se utilizó la serie histórica correspondiente al período de 1911 a 2009, obtenida a partir de la Rede Hidroclimatológica do Nordeste, perteneciente a la Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE). Además, se hicieron uso de los siguientes recursos metodológicos y técnicos: Distribuciones de Frecuencia; Medidas de Tendencia Central y Dispersión; Pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov; Gráficos Dot-plot; T para una muestra única (ɑ = 0,05); Y, finalmente, la prueba de Mann-Kendall (ɑ = 0,05). Los resultados apuntaron que el 35,4%, del total de datos serie (99 años), fueron considerados por debajo de lo normal, siendo el 15,2% de los identificados como muy secos y el 20,2% como secos. Además, evaluando la variabilidad de los totales precipitados por categoría (muy secos y secos), se percibió mayor variación entre los años muy secos (CV = 37,2%) en relación con los años secos (CV = 9,9%). Además, se notó que las PPAAs, para ambas categorías, no presentaron diferencias significativas con relación al promedio de la serie. Finalmente, se observaron tendencias dispares para las dos categorías en cuestión, siendo positiva para los años muy secos y negativos para los años secos. Palabras clave: Precipitación Pluviométrica; Estiramiento Prolongado; Prueba de Mann-Kendall.

scholarly journals 299 ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE FROM INDIVIDUAL MAIZE AND WHEAT SEEDS TO PREDICT GERMINATION PERCENTAGE AND RADICLE LENGTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 473b-473
Author(s):  
K.G.V. Davidson ◽  
F.D. Moore ◽  
E.E. Roos
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Central Tendency Measure ◽  
Frequency Distributions

Multiple electroconductivity readings (μAmps) of leachates from individual seeds during the first 6 hr of imbibition was examined as a possible predictor of seed quality. Readings from each sample of 100 seeds were formed into frequency distributions and the mean, median. and internal slope were calculated using an automated computer retrieval system. Internal slope is a non-central tendency measure based on the slope of a line tangent to the inflection point of the S-shaped cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) of μAmps. Radicle lengths (3 days) and germination (7 days) percentages were regressed on each of the two measures of central tendency and also the CFD shape indicator, internal slope. None of the three predictors were satisfactory for estimating seed vigor (root lengths) of maize (Zea mays L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or germination of wheat seed lots. Internal slope was useful in estimating viability of artificially aged maize seeds (r2= 0.91), which compared favorably with our previous results using naturally aged red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed lots. Overall the seed quality of the unaged wheat lots was fairly high and the electrolyte leakage test was not sensitive enough to detect differences within these lots.

The Central Tendency of Judgment.

1911 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
F. M. Urban
Keyword(s):  
Central Tendency

Agri-Business Curriculum: The Entrepreneurial Direction of Graduates

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regie D. Patagoc
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Personal Beliefs ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Business Graduates ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Economic Profile ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

This study aimed to determine the entrepreneurial engagement of Agri-Business graduates from Southern Philippines Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST), during the SY 2008-2013. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, analyzed and subjected to the measures of central tendency (mean and percentage) and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 19.0).Results showed that graduates were within 26 to 30 years old age, female, single, most were regular workers in a private company with 1 - 3 years working experience and were practicing entrepreneurs earning a monthly income of 10,000. High rating was extended to the level of competence on attitudinal, behavioral and educational factors. It was found out that, the respondents either felt, thought and view entrepreneurship as a thing that they had dreamed to undertake after graduation because they believed that it is only doing entrepreneurial undertakings that they can fulfill the objectives of the course and their personal beliefs that success can be attained through it.Further, only few graduates had started their entrepreneurial engagement, while the majority, were still thinking about their entrepreneurial endeavor because of the difficulty in starting own business due to the complex administrative procedures involved. The demographic and socio-economic profile had no significant influence to the level of engagement while the level of competencies significantly influenced the level of entrepreneurial engagement.

The Use if GIS Tools in Tourism Research on the Example of Wodzislaw Poviat

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pukowiec
Keyword(s):  
Land Development ◽  
Graphic Representation ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Tourist Infrastructure ◽  
Tourist Development ◽  
Gis Software

Abstract The activities in name of tourist development in Wodzislaw poviat are the reason to evaluate the tourist land development. The evaluation was prepared on the basis of selected indexes characterizing the level of tourist infrastructure development. It considered: the number of lodgings per km2, the number of restaurants per km2, the amount of additional attractions per km2 and the density of tourist tracks. This database was analyzed by the use of GIS tools. Using GIS software allowed working with large databases and provided the possibility to create a graphic representation of the results. The level of tourist land development is diversified and depends on it function. The cities with the best developed tourist infrastructure are Wodzislaw Slaski, Radlin, Pszow, Rydultowy and town in Odra Valley: Olza, Bukow and Nieboczowy. Pszow, Gorzyce and Godow commons have the biggest density of tourist tracks.

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