Expect diffusion of benefits

2014 ◽  
pp. 36-37
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Benefits

scholarly journals Reducing Assaults Against Staff Using Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) in Railway Stations

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barak Ariel ◽  
Mark Newton ◽  
Lorna McEwan ◽  
Garry A. Ashbridge ◽  
Cristobal Weinborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Workplace Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
And Control ◽  
Official Records

Workplace violence is a major health and safety phenomenon. We investigate whether body-worn cameras (BWCs) can achieve a cost-effective reduction of assaults. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with train stations exposed to the highest recorded assault rates against staff in England and Wales. Treatment members of staff were equipped with BWCs and control staff were unexposed to BWCs. Official records of assaults against treatment and control staff as well as against any employee at the station complexes are used as outcome measures. Results suggest 47% significant overall reduction in the odds of assaults against BWCs-equipped staff at treatment versus controls locations—or approximately two versus four assaults, on average, per station. In addition, we found a 26% significant reduction in assaults against all employees in the treatment versus control station complexes—9 versus 12 assaults, on average, per station—suggesting that BWCs have a spatial diffusion of benefits effects. We estimate that BWCs can reduce at least 3,000 working days per year lost because of physical violence at work. We conclude that BWCs provide substantial benefits for staff health and safety to those who are equipped with the devices as well as to staff in the vicinity of BWC-equipped employees.

Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane D. Johnson ◽  
Rob T. Guerette ◽  
Kate J. Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
Crime Displacement ◽  
And Diffusion

Global Sourcing

2011 ◽  
pp. 54-74
Author(s):  
Ashima Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Capital Mobility ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Search Costs ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
Short Run ◽  
And Training

This chapter shows that ICTs make possible a more inclusive global trade, since now labour intensive components of production can be unbundled and sent where it is cheaper. The new mobility of virtual labour, together with the rise in capital mobility, will lead to a wider diffusion of benefits. ICTs reduce frictions and search costs in labour markets, and allow access to new hitherto excluded segments, whether firms or workers in developing countries or women. The smaller scale of efficient production induces more entry of new firms, thus raising wages and employment more than profits, and benefiting workers. Higher levels of employment and learning-by-doing can, in turn, induce more labour using technological progress and further raise both productivity and wages. Policy that targets education and training of workers and reduces barriers to the entry of new firms can minimize underinvestment and short-run job loss for developed country workers.

scholarly journals SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF BENEFITS AMONG GEOGRAPHICALLY FOCUSED POLICING INITIATIVES

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Bowers ◽  
Shane Johnson ◽  
Rob T. Guerette ◽  
Lucia Summers ◽  
Suzanne Poynton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
And Diffusion

Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives: a meta-analytical review

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate J. Bowers ◽  
Shane D. Johnson ◽  
Rob T. Guerette ◽  
Lucia Summers ◽  
Suzanne Poynton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
And Diffusion

Data-Informed and Place-Based Violent Crime Prevention: The Kansas City, Missouri Risk-Based Policing Initiative

2021 ◽  
pp. 109861112110032
Author(s):  
Joel M. Caplan ◽  
Leslie W. Kennedy ◽  
Grant Drawve ◽  
Jonas H. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits

The Kansas City, Missouri Police Department sought to reduce violent crime with an evidence-based approach to problem analysis and intervention planning. Informed by hot spot analysis and risk terrain modeling, police and their community partners implemented a place-based crime intervention program focused on key attractors and generators of the environmental backcloth. Target and comparison areas were selected for an outcome evaluation. During the 1-year program time period, violent crimes decreased significantly by over 22%. There was both a significant spatial diffusion of benefits and significantly fewer police officer-initiated actions resulting in arrests or citations. Crime prevention was achieved without an abundance of law enforcement actions against people located at the target areas. Implications for policy and practice are discussed within the contexts of police responses to urgent crime problems and data analytics.

Hot Spots Policing

Criminology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Kochel ◽  
Seyvan Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Hot Spots Policing ◽  
Diffusion Of Benefits ◽  
National Institute Of Justice

Since the 1980s, the nature of policing has expanded beyond a person-focused approach to include a location-based approach. Recently developed proactive policing strategies that are concerned with the geographic distribution and explanation of crime include hot spots policing and community policing, and oftentimes problem-oriented policing, broken windows policing, third-party policing, and focused deterrence strategies. Hot spots policing entails focusing police efforts at crime prevention in a very small geographic area where crime concentrates. This strategy is one of only a few policing strategies grounded in both theory and research. Crime concentrates at places even more than it concentrates in people. Research in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the 1980s demonstrated that 60 percent of the crime occurs at 6 percent of places (see Sherman, et al. 1989, cited under Theory and Basis of Hot Spots Policing). Place-based theories about routine activities and rational choice have led to deterrence-based strategies such as directed patrol, crackdowns, and other traditional approaches to hot spots policing, as well as more community-oriented, problem-solving, and situational crime prevention approaches at crime hot spots. Hot spots policing is one of few areas in criminal justice research that has been tested using randomized controlled trials, a gold standard for research. Several systematic reviews suggest that focusing police efforts in a small geographic area reduces crime. Furthermore, research on displacement and diffusion of benefits suggests that hot spots policing does not merely geographically displace crime. In fact, nearby places may experience a diffusion of crime benefits. Only a few studies have examined the noncrime impacts of hot spots policing, but these suggest that it does not harm public perceptions of police and may even promote informal social control. Cost-effectiveness analyses have been partially used to assess the relative costs and outcomes of hot spot policing interventions. Additionally, existing research has suggested the crime harm index (CHI) for assessing the crime impact of hot spot policing interventions. Several data sources are available from past National Institute of Justice–funded studies on hot spots of crime and hot spots policing.

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