From Jitney to Giant: The Early Growth of Long-Distance Bus Transport in the USA

2017 ◽  
pp. 17-31
Keyword(s):  
Early Growth ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Bus Transport

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (leaf curl).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk Czosnek
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Whitefly Vector ◽  
Leaf Curl

Abstract The wide global distribution of tomato crops and the dramatic outbreaks of the populations of the TYLCV vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, led to a pandemic of this devastating disease. The virus probably arose in the Middle East between the 1930s and 1950s. Its global invasion began in the 1980s after the emergence of two strains: TYLCV-IL and TYLCV-Mld. The long-distance transportation of viruliferous whiteflies contaminating commercial shipments of tomato seedlings and ornamentals is probably the major reason for the virus pandemic (Caciagli, 2007). Sequence analyses allowed Lefeuvre et al. (2010) to trace the history of TYLCV spread. For instance, TYLCV-IL has invaded the Americas at least twice, once from the Mediterranean basin in 1992-1994 and once from Asia (a descendant of imported Middle Eastern TYLCV) in 1999-2003. As a result the estimated losses caused by TYLCV reached about 20% of tomato production in the USA, and 30-100% in the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Central America and Venezuela. Therefore several countries (Australia, EU) have established severe quarantine measures to control the whitefly vector.

The Alarm Center in Stockholm County Council

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 131-132
Author(s):  
Bo Brismar
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
County Council ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Medical Transport ◽  
Transportation Vehicle ◽  
Distance Transport

During the last ten years, both in Western Europe and in the USA, the attitude towards medical transport activities has radically changed. From being a purely transportation vehicle the ambulance is now increasingly regarded as an extended arm of medical care. At the same time as ambulance crews have received more qualified medical training, the equipment of the ambulances themselves has been improved. In several countries such as the USA, France and West Germany, a differentiated ambulance organization has been built up, with specially equipped emergency ambulances manned by paramedics, and standard ambulances with emergency technicians for planned transports. During this time helicopters have been put into increasing use as a supplement to ambulances for emergency long distance transport to units such as trauma and burn centers.

scholarly journals Examining the Impact of Air Passenger Transport on International Long-Distance Regular Bus Transport in the Slovak Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Gnap ◽  
Tomáš Settey ◽  
Dominika Beňová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bus Transport

The paper deals with the study of the impact of regular air passenger transport on international long-distance regular bus transport in the Slovak Republic. The comparative period is 2017 (2018) with 2008. The issue is also related to the issue of the use of Slovakian airports for regular air transport after the Slovak Republic entered the European Union in 2004. According to the results of the 2008 survey, both modes of transport have significantly affected the economic crisis. The development of low-cost airlines also affected the decrease in the number of issued transport licenses in 2018 compared to 2008 in international regular bus transport.

Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Liefting
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Quarantine Pest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Unculturable Bacteria ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Cabbage Tree

Abstract Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited unculturable bacteria that are naturally spread by sap-sucking insects. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense', subgroup 16SrXII-B, is associated with a wide range of diseases in Australia and New Zealand. Important commercial crop hosts of 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' include grapevine, papaya and strawberry. This phytoplasma is associated with rapid death of its papaya and cabbage tree hosts. In New Zealand, the insect vectors have been confirmed to be the endemic Cixiid planthoppers, Zeoliarus atkinsoni and Z. oppositus, while in Australia no vector has yet been determined, although the leafhopper, Orosius argentatus, has been implicated. Long distance spread of the phytoplasma is possible through infected vegetative propagating material. 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' is on the A1 list of regulated organisms for Canada and Bahrain, and is listed as a quarantine pest for the USA.

Lead migration in Podzolic soils from Scandinavia and the United States of America

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Steinnes and A. J. Friedland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Gasoline Lead

In the past two decades, investigators have documented a decrease in total lead concentration and amount in upper soil horizons of forest soils following a reduction in the use of gasoline lead additives. In this study, we compare three data sets of lead isotopic ratios in forest soils from Sweden, Norway and the United States of America in order to formulate hypotheses relating to the factors that dictate lead distribution among horizons in Podzolic soils. A larger fraction of anthropogenic lead is seen at greater depths in the Swedish sites and in the southern sites from Norway then in the USA site. At present, only the time of onset of lead pollution appears to be related to the observed pattern. These observations could not have been made within any individual study but became clear when the three independent studies were examined together. Key words: Lead, soils, long distance transport, migration rates

scholarly journals The Major Roles Of Long Distance Bus Transport In Developing Countries With Emphasis On Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Fekadu Kassa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Bus Transport

Abstract This article presents the major roles of long distance bus transport that radiates from Addis Ababa to the hinterland. The purpose is to assess and identify the major roles of Long Distance Bus Transport in Addis Ababa. The methodology is focused on both primary and secondary sources. The primary informants, who were principally distinguished from the passengers, operators, and key government officials from the transport office, include the head of bus terminal and Association, and selected experts. In terms of analysis, the qualitative approach was used by applying a thick description of the issue. The findings revealed that the availability of towns comes mainly because of the routes which give access and distribution of road passenger transport. The LDB (Long Distance Bus) along the line has played a great role in the making of metropolitan linkage. The presence of these routes contributes more to the rise of urbanization and it has also played a role in the creation of towns and rural areas found around certain radius at the two sides of highways. Thus, it has a high probability for the expansion of urban sprawl and formation of conurbation in the future. The prescription for this study is to work with stakeholders to reduce the congestion of passengers in the terminals and the association also should serve the society 24/7 or 18/7.

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogeny, Character Evolution, and Biogeography of Hydrangea Section Cornidia, Hydrangeaceae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Granados Mendoza ◽  
Esteban Manuel Martínez Salas ◽  
Paul Goetghebeur ◽  
Stefan Wanke ◽  
Marie-Stéphanie Samain
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Character State ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Character Reconstruction ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
High Support

Background:Hydrangea section Cornidia consists of 26 currently accepted species and a yet undefined number of new species and erroneously synonymized taxa. This clade consists of (sub)tropical lianas occurring from northern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina, and one species from Southeast Asia. Currently, no molecular phylogenetic hypothesis is available that includes more than a few species of this section. Hence, a resolved and well-sampled molecular phylogenetic hypothesis may help to enforce taxonomic decisions. In this study, we present a phylogenetic framework based on sequences from two low copy nuclear genes from a comprehensive taxon sampling of H. section Cornidia and a selection of outgroups. Our phylogenetic reconstructions prove the non-monophyly of the traditionally recognized subsections Monosegia and Polysegia and their corresponding series, Speciosae and Aphananthae, and Synstyleae and Chorystyleae, respectively. Three morphologically defined species were recovered with high support as monophyletic, namely, Hydrangea panamensis, Hydrangea serratifolia, and Hydrangea tarapotensis. However, statistical support for some shallow nodes did not allow to refute, with high support, the monophyly of several of the herein recognized species for which more than one individual could be analyzed. Based on the obtained phylogenetic framework, we reconstructed the evolution of selected reproductive characters. Hydrangea section Cornidia is the only genus section for which dioecism has been extensively documented. Our character reconstruction of sexual dimorphism shows that dioecism is the ancestral state in this section and that this was reversed to monoecy in Hydrangea seemannii and Hydrangea integrifolia. Character reconstruction for the enlarged marginal flowers recovered their presence as the ancestral character state in H. section Cornidia, although at least three internal lineages independently lost them; thus, losses were reconstructed to be more likely than gain. With respect to the flower color, more species exhibit white than red flowers, and white is reconstructed as the ancestral state. Cornidia also shows an unusual disjunct geographic distribution between Asia and Central Mesoamerica—South America, as it is not present in the USA and Canada. The origin of Cornidia is reconstructed to be the New World with higher probability, and the presence of one species in Asia is likely due to long-distance dispersal.

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