Complying with Australia's illegal logging laws: tough reality after a soft start? Lessons from the United States and the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Beatriz Garcia ◽  
Jonathan Verschuuren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Soft Start ◽  
Assurance System ◽  
Intense Debate

Australia's new illegal logging laws aim at prohibiting the import of illegally harvested forest products from around the world. Soon after adoption, and following an intense debate on the expected costs of compliance, the legislation was reviewed and the proposed amendments finally disallowed. As of 2018 stricter enforcement actions were announced. This article identifies compliance issues observed in Australia and proposes ways to tackle them based on experiences in the United States and the European Union. We find that law enforcement helps shape market behaviour and reinforces compliance. A national legality assurance system, established in the supplier country, is an effective way to ensure legality verification, to alleviate the burden on individual businesses to prove legality, and to support the regulated community to comply with the law.

Regulación de la obtención de gas no convencional mediante la técnica de fractura hidráulica: situación en la Unión Europea y en España

2014 ◽  
pp. 1369-1389
Author(s):  
Dionisio FERNÁNDEZ DE GATTA SÁNCHEZ
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Unconventional Gas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spanish Legislation ◽  
Intense Debate

LABURPENA: Gas ez-konbentzionalaren esplorazioa eta erauzketa, haustura hidraulikoaren bidez, eztabaida biziko gaia da gaur egun, Estatu Batuetan izandako garapena eta ingurumen-eragina oinarri hartuta. Eztabaida hori Europar Batasunera eta Espainiara heldu da, eta batzuetan debekuzko jarrerak hartu dira. Lan honetan, Europar Batasunak gai horretan egindako ekintzak aztertzen dira, bai eta aplika daitezkeen arau espezifikoak eta ingurumen-arauak ere. Halaber, horrelako eragiketei aplika dakiekeen Espainiako legedia aztertzen da, hauek nabarmentzen direla: Hidrokarburoen sektorearen Legearen aldaketako xedapen zehatza, 2013ko Ingurumen-ebaluaziori buruzko Lege berria, eta Konstituzio Auzitegiaren 2014ko epaiak (Estatuaren eskumenak berresten dira epai horietan). RESUMEN: La exploración y la extracción de gas no convencional mediante fracturación hidráulica es objeto de un intenso debate en la actualidad, sobre la base del desarrollo producido en los Estados Unidos y de su incidencia ambiental. Debate que se ha trasladado a la Unión Europea y a España, con actitudes prohibitivas en algunos casos. El trabajo analiza la actuación de la Unión Europea en la materia y las normas específicas y ambientales aplicables, así como la legislación española aplicable a tales operaciones, resaltando la previsión expresa en la modificación de la Ley del Sector de Hidrocarburos y nueva Ley de Evaluación Ambiental de 2013, así como las Sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional de 2014 reafirmando las competencias del Estado. ABSTRACT: Exploration and extraction of unconventional gas through fracking (hydraulic fracturing) is the subject of intense debate today on the basis of development produced in the United States and its environmental impact. Debate has been transferred to the European Union and Spain, with attitudes prohibitive in some cases. The paper analyzes the performance of the European Union in the field and the specific and applicable environmental standards, as well as the Spanish legislation applicable to such transactions, highlighting the express provision in the modification of the Hydrocarbons Sector Act and new Environmental Assessment Act of 2013, as well as the judgments of the Constitutional Court in 2014 reaffirming the powers of the State.

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT FRENCH FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sodikova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Modern Time ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Interests ◽  
French Foreign Policy

Important aspects of French foreign policy and national interests in the modern time,France's position in international security and the specifics of foreign affairs with the United States and the European Union are revealed in this article

Ocena antykryzysowej polityki gospodarczej Stanów Zjednoczonych i wybranych państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005–2014

2016 ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Marcin Jan Flotyński
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Domestic Products

The global financial crisis in 2007–2009 began a period of high volatility on the financial markets. Specifically, it caused an increased amplitude of fluctuations of the level of gross domestic products, the level of investment and consumption and exchange rates in particular countries. To address the adverse market circumstances, governments and central banks took actions in order to bolster the weakening global economy. The aim of this article is to present the anti-crisis actions in the United States and selected member states of the European Union, including Poland, and an assessment of their efficiency. The analysis conducted indicates that generally the actions taken in the United States in response to the crisis were faster and more adequate to the existing circumstances than in the European Union.

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