scholarly journals Ochrona informacji niejawnych w USA. Wybrane regulacje karne i administracyjne

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 145-182
Author(s):  
Rafał Wądołowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Information Protection ◽  
Security Clearance ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Code Provisions

Protection of classified information in the USA. Selected penal and administrative regulations The article discusses the administrative regulations regarding the classified information protection system in the USA. Moreover, it presents the effective penal code provisions directed against the disclosure of classified information in the USA and their interpretations. What is more, the paper presents the administrative provisions regulating the procedure for carrying out security background investigation of public administration officials in order to issue a security clearance which grants them access to classified information. Further, the reasons for the classification of information and its protection with an adequate classification clause are explained. On the basis of the analysis of US regulations, a conclusion is drawn that Polish legislation does not include a justification for depositaries of secrets who disclose classified information (without obtaining the affirmation from the authorities specified by law) to prosecute the perpetrators of crimes. This could be the basis to formulate postulates de lege ferenda. It should be noted that the article does not exhaust the topic, but only indicates selected issues of the protection system of classified information in the USA. Initiated study can be used to carry out in-depth comparative research in this field in the future. W artykule omówiono regulacje administracyjne związane z organizacją systemu ochrony informacji niejawnych, a także przedstawiono przepisy karne dotyczące ujawniania informacji niejawnych obowiązujące w USA wraz z ich interpretacją. Omówiono również przepisy administracyjne regulujące procedurę realizacji postępowań sprawdzających wobec urzędników administracji publicznej w celu wydania poświadczenia bezpieczeństwa umożliwiającego dostęp do informacji niejawnych. Ponadto wskazano przesłanki klasyfikacji informacji i obejmowania ich ochroną adekwatnej klauzuli niejawności. Na podstawie analizy przepisów USA między innymi sformułowano wniosek, że polskie ustawodawstwo nie obejmuje kontratypu, który uwalniałby od odpowiedzialności karnej depozytariuszy tajemnic przekazujących informacje niejawne (bez uzyskiwania zgody określonych prawem organów) w celu ścigania sprawców przestępstw. Powyższe może być podstawą legislacyjnego postulatu de lege ferenda, przy uwzględnieniu adekwatnych regulacji prawnych USA. Należy zaznaczyć, że artykuł nie wyczerpuje poruszanego tematu, a jedynie wskazuje wybrane zagadnienia ochrony informacji niejawnych USA. Może to zostać wykorzystane do przeprowadzenia w przyszłości pogłębionych badań komparatystycznych dotyczących przedmiotowego zagadnienia.

scholarly journals Ochrona tajemnicy państwowej w Federacji Rosyjskiej. Wybrane regulacje karne i administracyjne

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 63-90
Author(s):  
Rafał Wądołowski
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Protection System ◽  
Secret Information ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Secrets ◽  
Code Provisions

W artykule omówiono regulacje administracyjne dotyczące udostępniania informacji tajnych i ściśle tajnych oraz przedstawiono przepisy karne dotyczące ujawniania tajemnicy państwowej obowiązujące w Federacji Rosyjskiej wraz z ich interpretacją. Autor w odniesieniu do rosyjskich przepisów konstytucyjnych, administracyjnych i karnych wybiorczo przedstawia adekwatne do nich przepisy prawa polskiego. Ponadto w związku z tym, że przepisy prawa karnego nie zawierają definicji terminów użytych do ich konstrukcji, w artykule zaprezentowano przepisy administracyjne rosyjskiego systemu ochrony tajemnic publicznych, które są niezbędne do rekonstrukcji karnych norm prawnych. Na podstawie opracowania sformułowano wniosek, że w polskim ustawodawstwie brakuje odrębnego przepisu penalizującego uzyskanie informacji tajnej lub ściśle tajnej w wyniku popełnienia odrębnego czynu zabronionego. Powyższe może być podstawą do ewentualnych przyszłych zmian legislacyjnych w tym zakresie. Należy zaznaczyć, że artykuł nie wyczerpuje tematu, a jedynie wskazuje wybrane zagadnienia związane z systemem ochrony tajemnicy państwowej w Rosji. Zainicjowana eksploracja może w przyszłości być wykorzystana do pogłębionych badań porównawczych nad zagadnieniem, o którym mowa. The protection of State Secrets in the Russian Federation. Selected penal and administrative regulations The article discusses the administrative regulations regarding the disclosure of secret and top-secret information in the Russian Federation. Moreover, it presents the effective penal code provisions directed against the disclosure of state secrets in Russia and the interpretation of these provisions. The author does not limit himself only to Russian constitutional, administrative and criminal regulations but gives examples of Polish corresponding laws. Additionally, in connection with the fact that criminal law provisions often contain non-specific references to other legislation, the article presents administrative acts of the protection system of public secrets. On the basis of the formulated conclusions, it was recognised that the Polish legislation lacks an individual provision penalising the fact of obtaining secret or top-secret information as a result of committing a separate unlawful act. It can be the basis to formulate postulates de lege ferenda. It should be noted that the article does not exhaust the topic, but only indicates selected issues of the protection system of state secrets in Russia. Initiated study can be used to carry out in-depth comparative research on this topic in the future.

scholarly journals Public Administration and Values Oriented to Sustainability: A Systematic Approach to the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2566
Author(s):  
Isabel Marques ◽  
João Leitão ◽  
Alba Carvalho ◽  
Dina Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Sustainable Performance ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Work Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The University

Values guide actions and judgements, form the basis of attitudinal and behavioral processes, and have an impact on leaders’ decision-making, contributing to more sustainable performance. Through a bibliometric study and content analysis, 2038 articles were selected from Scopus, from the period 1994–2021, presenting global research tendencies on the subject of values, public administration, and sustainability. The results indicate that Sustainability is the most productive journal, the main research category is in social sciences, the most productive institution is the University of Queensland, the location with the most publications and research collaborations is the USA, and the authors with the greatest number of articles are Chung, from Chung-Ang University; García-Sánchez, from the University of Salamanca; and Pérez, from the University of Cantabria. Analysis of keywords shows that the most relevant are “sustainability”, “CSR”, “sustainable development”, “innovation”, and “leadership”. Time analysis of keywords reveals a tendency for lines of research in the social and work area. The results also provide data about the framing of studies in sustainability pillars and the types of values referred to and indicate the main areas of public administration studied. Finally, a future research agenda is proposed.

scholarly journals Revising the Supernatural: Prospero Lambertini's Reconsideration of the Concept of Miracle

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Alessandro Laverda
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
New Classification ◽  
The Future ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Fourth Book ◽  
The Invisible

AbstractAccording to Thomas Aquinas, a miracle had to surpass the whole of the created nature, which meant the visible and corporeal, as well as the invisible and incorporeal nature. Prospero Lambertini (1675–1758), the future Pope Benedict XIV, when he was promoter of the faith, noticed that it was impossible to distinguish a cure that occurred beyond the boundaries of incorporeal and invisible nature (the whole nature) from one that exceeded just corporeal and visible nature. The issue was of utmost importance since it risked delegitimizing the whole system of miracle verification. Consequently, Lambertini, in the fourth book of his magnum opus De servorum Dei beatificatione et beatorum canonizatione (On the Beatification of the Servants of God and the Canonization of the Blessed, 1734–1738), developed a new classification of miracles, which included the works of angels, with the aim of solving the problem. Furthermore, to counteract Spinoza's denial of miracles, he claimed that miracles were not contrary to the laws of nature.

scholarly journals I.—Notes on the Phylogeny of the Graptolites

1895 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 529-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Nicholson ◽  
J. E. Marr
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Future ◽  
Geological Magazine

Since the remarkable paper by Professor Lapworth “On an Improved Classification of the Rhabdophora” was published in the Geological Magazine for 1873, a great deal of fresh information has been gathered as to these interesting fossils; but the classification given in that paper, though to some extent confessedly artificial, is still generally adhered to. Observations made by the authors in recent years lead them to suppose that that classification will in the future undergo considerable modification; but in the present state of our knowledge it serves a purpose so useful, that it is not our intention to propose any immediate change in it. Our object, on the other hand, is to bring forward certain conclusions which we have independently reached, and which will, we believe, enhance the value of Graptolites to the stratigraphical geologist, and lead to results important to the biologist. Our conclusions are based upon an examination of a large number of forms generally referred to the family Dichograptidæ; but, as we propose very briefly to indicate, they affect the relationships of Graptolites belonging to other families also.

IMPROVEMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF INFORMATION FLOW MANAGEMENT BASED ON REFORMING THE TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF POWER

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriy Stoyka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Concept Of Information

The article discusses the features of the introduction and use of modern information technologies in the management activities of state institutions. The role of the state in the regulation of information activities in the context of reforming the territorial organization of power has been clarified. The content and scope of the concept of "public management of information flows" has been determined, as well as the main tasks of ensuring information activities of public authorities. The classification of national interests in the information sphere according to their subjects has been carried out. The concept of information support in various scientific sources covering its purpose has been determined. Provided, the classification of management information according to certain categories. Tasks are proposed to overcome the negative influence of factors and ensure the effective work of state authorities of Ukraine in the field of information activities. Mechanisms for regulating the use of information potential in order to ensure the effective functioning of information policy in the field of public administration are given.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Application of Computer Vision and Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy for Detection of Huanglongbing Citrus Disease in the USA and Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio B. Wetterich ◽  
Ratnesh Kumar ◽  
Sindhuja Sankaran ◽  
José Belasque Junior ◽  
Reza Ehsani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Segmented Images ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Citrus Disease

The overall objective of this work was to develop and evaluate computer vision and machine learning technique for classification of Huanglongbing-(HLB)-infected and healthy leaves using fluorescence imaging spectroscopy. The fluorescence images were segmented using normalized graph cut, and texture features were extracted from the segmented images using cooccurrence matrix. The extracted features were used as an input into the classifier, support vector machine (SVM). The classification results were evaluated based on classification accuracies and number of false positives and false negatives. The results indicated that the SVM could classify HLB-infected leaf fluorescence intensities with up to 90% classification accuracy. Though the fluorescence intensities from leaves collected in Brazil and the USA were different, the method shows potential for detecting HLB.

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