scholarly journals Inbred maize response to cover crops and fertilizer-nitrogen

2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Randy Huckaba ◽  
Ricky Barnes ◽  
Ronald Dorcinvil ◽  
Jesús Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Maize Response

Maize (Zea mays L.) inbred seed production fields on the southern semiarid coast of Puerto Rico are usually fallow each year from May to September. Inbreds have lower seed yields than single-cross hybrids, yet producers tend to apply high fertilizer nitrogen (N) levels in efforts to increase yields. Inbred maize response to fertilizer-N was evaluated on the southern semiarid coast of Puerto Rico in a cover crop-maize cropping sequence in 2009, and in a fallow-maize sequence in 2010 in a Fluventic Haplustoll. In general, maize produced after a legume cover crop of velvetbean (Mucuna prurience) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata 'Iron Clay') had better yields and agronomic traits than maize after the fallow treatment. In 2009, maximum seed yields of 2,726 kg/ha were obtained with fertilizer-N application in the range of 112 to 224 kg N/ha. In 2010, maximum seed yields of 1,447 kg/ha were obtained with fertilizer-N application in the range of 84 to 211 kg N/ha. Harvest index was 0.26 and 0.27 in 2009 and 2010 for all fertilizer-N treatments; higher than that for unfertilized maize. In general, agronomic traits were superior as a result of fertilizer-N application without consistent differences among fertilizer-N levels applied. The SPAD chlorophyll meter, leaf color index and leaf area index were suitable indicators of N status in the maize plants. Highest N use efficiencies were observed for the 112 kg N/ha and 84 kg N/ha fertilizer levels for 2009 and 2010, respectively, and decreased with increasing fertilizer-N applied. Fertilizer-N rates in soils, climatic systems, and maize inbreds similar to the ones tested should be between 84 and 112 kg N/ha. Greater amounts of fertilizer-N will result in decreased economic benefit and potential environmental contamination. 

scholarly journals Suitability of peanut residue as a nitrogen source for a rye cover crop

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kipling Shane Balkcom ◽  
Charles Wesley Wood ◽  
James Fredrick Adams ◽  
Bernard Meso
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
N Application ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Biomass Yields

Leguminous winter cover crops have been utilized in conservation systems to partially meet nitrogen (N) requirements of succeeding summer cash crops, but the potential of summer legumes to reduce N requirements of a winter annual grass, used as a cover crop, has not been extensively examined. This study assessed the N contribution of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) residues to a subsequent rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop grown in a conservation system on a Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) at Headland, AL USA during the 2003-2005 growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a split plot design, with main plots of peanut residue retained or removed from the soil surface, and subplots as N application rates (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg ha-1) applied in the fall. Peanut residue had minimal to no effect on rye biomass yields, N content, carbon (C) /N ratio, or N, P, K, Ca and Zn uptake. Additional N increased rye biomass yield, and N, P, K, Ca, and Zn uptakes. Peanut residue does not contribute significant amounts of N to a rye cover crop grown as part of a conservation system, but retaining peanut residue on the soil surface could protect the soil from erosion early in the fall and winter before a rye cover crop grows sufficiently to protect the typically degraded southeastern USA soils.

scholarly journals Herbage and animal production responses to fertilizer nitrogen in perennial ryegrass swards. II. Rotational grazing and cutting

1999 ◽  
pp. 243-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Lantinga ◽  
P.J.A.G. Deenen ◽  
H. Van Keulen
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
System Level ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Cattle

The yield response of grass swards to fertilizer nitrogen (N) differs under cutting and grazing, as grazing cattle exert positive and negative effects on pasture production, with varying negative effects on different soil types. Nevertheless, current N fertilization recommendations in the Netherlands are based mainly on economic cost-benefit analyses of long-term cutting trials in small plots. To contribute to formulation of improved N fertilizer recommendations for grassland, experiments were carried out on two soil types and under different management regimes. The effect of fertilizer N application on grassland production and sward quality in perennial ryegrass swards was studied during a number of consecutive years under both rotational grazing and 4-weekly cutting. Experiment 1 was performed with dairy cows on a loam soil at 250 and 550 kg fertilizer N ha-1 year-1. Experiment 2 was performed with beef cattle on a sand soil and fertilizer rates varying from 250 to 700 kg N ha-1 year-1 under grazing and from 0 to 700 kg N ha-1 year-1 under cutting. The results indicate that on loam, N had no effect on sward quality. In the second experimental year, total herbage yield under grazing was almost 10% higher than under cutting at 250 kg N ha-1 year-1 due to recycling of N, whereas at 550 kg N ha-1 year-1 the yield under grazing and cutting was the same. On sand, the economically optimum fertilizer application rate was on average 430 kg N ha-1 year-1 for 4-weekly cutting. Under grazing and at whole system level (integrated grazing and mowing for silage), the optimum rate was below 250 kg N ha-1 year-1. Under grazing on the sand soil, N aggravated sward deterioration due to treading, poaching and especially urine scorching. This was reflected in an increased absence frequency of rooted perennial ryegrass tillers in quadrats with an area of 1 dm2 at increasing fertilizer N application rates. It is concluded that current fertilizer N recommendations for grassland can be further refined by taking into account the positive and negative effects of grazing cattle, in dependence of soil type and level of N supply.

EFFECTS OF INOCULATION AND FERTILIZER N LEVELS ON N2 FIXATION AND YIELDS OF SOYBEANS IN ONTARIO

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1129-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERNEST SEMU ◽  
D. J. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Rhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Nodule Efficiency

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) often do not give yield responses to added fertilizer nitrogen (N) because high soil N levels inhibit fixation of atmospheric N2. Yield responses to N fertilizer applied at planting usually indicate that N2 fixation is less than optimal. The effects of inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum, and fertilizer N levels, on soybean N2(C2H2) fixation and seed yields in Ontario were investigated in ’ 1976 and 1977. Three locations were used each year, representing areas where soybeans had been grown for many years (Ridgetown), for only a few years (Elora), or not at all (Woodstock). Treatments were (a) Uninoculated + 0 N, (b–e) Inoculated + 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N/ha. Results indicated that inoculation increased seed yields only when soybeans were introduced into new areas. Fertilizer N applications at planting time did not increase yields in areas where soybeans had been grown several times previously, indicating that N2 fixation could support maximum yields. Nodule number and mass, and N2(C2H2) fixation rates were all decreased by fertilizer N. An increase in nodule efficiency, later in the season, in high N treatments was most marked at Ridgetown.

scholarly journals Effect of Wheat Cover Crop and Split Nitrogen Application on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladapo Adeyemi ◽  
Reza Keshavarz-Afshar ◽  
Emad Jahanzad ◽  
Martin Leonardo Battaglia ◽  
Yuan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Application ◽  
Use Efficiency

Corn (Zea mays L.) grain is a major commodity crop in Illinois and its production largely relies on timely application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Currently, growers in Illinois and other neighboring states in the U.S. Midwest use the maximum return to N (MRTN) decision support system to predict corn N requirements. However, the current tool does not factor in implications of integrating cover crops into the rotation, which has recently gained attention among growers due to several ecosystem services associated with cover cropping. A two-year field trail was conducted at the Agronomy Research Center in Carbondale, IL in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate whether split N application affects nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of corn with and without a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop. A randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements and four replicates was used. Main plots were cover crop treatments (no cover crop (control) compared to a wheat cover crop) and subplots were N timing applications to the corn: (1) 168 kg N ha−1 at planting; (2) 56 kg N ha−1 at planting + 112 kg N ha−1 at sidedress; (3) 112 kg N ha−1 at planting + 56 kg N ha−1 at sidedress; and (4) 168 kg N ha−1 at sidedress along with a zero-N control as check plot. Corn yield was higher in 2018 than 2019 reflecting more timely precipitation in that year. In 2018, grain yield declined by 12.6% following the wheat cover crop compared to no cover crop control, indicating a yield penalty when corn was preceded with a wheat cover crop. In 2018, a year with timely and sufficient rainfall, there were no yield differences among N treatments and N balances were near zero. In 2019, delaying the N application improved NUE and corn grain yield due to excessive rainfall early in the season reflecting on N losses which was confirmed by lower N balances in sidedressed treatments. Overall, our findings suggest including N credit for cereals in MRTN prediction model could help with improved N management in the Midwestern United States.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilizer rate for improving inbred maize (Zea mays L.) yield on the semi-arid southern coast of Puerto Rico

2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Johanie Rivera-Zayas ◽  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Ricardo Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Semi Arid

Nitrogen (N) is possibly the most limiting nutrient for crop production on the southern semi-arid coast of Puerto Rico. In efforts to improve inbred maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield, fertilizer N is sometimes aggressively managed. In this paper, we report on the results of a field experiment that evaluated the effect of six rates of fertilizer N (0, 34, 68,102,135 and 203 kg N/ha) and of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Iron-clay), planted as a cover crop during the offseason, on inbred maize grain yield. The soil was Jacaguas series (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, isohyperthermic Fluventic Haplustolls) on the Dow Agrosciences experimental farm in Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico. Cowpea was planted on 13 July 2013 and incorporated into the soil on 20 September 2013. An inbred maize line was planted on 19 December 2013 and harvested on 19 March 2014 at a plant density of 51,645 plants per hectare. Irrigation was provided via drip system, and fertilizer N was applied at three different stages during the growing season: at emergence, 21 and 37 days after planting. Measurements of plant height, chlorophyll readings using SPAD-502® and GreenSeeker®, and leaf N concentration were used as indicators of treatment response and N sufficiency. The maximum grain yield of 2,918 kg/ha was attained with the fertilizer N rate of 68 kg N/ha. The cowpea cover crop rotation did not affect grain yield (P>0.05). Plant height, and measurements by SPAD-502® and GreenSeeker® provided adequate indicators of crop N sufficiency during the vegetative stages V6 to V12, with optimum values of 149 cm, 46, and 0.67 NDVI, respectively, 52 days after planting with an application of 68 kg N/ ha. Crop response to fertilizer N occurred at a lower rate than in previous studies and those occurring under conventional commercial conditions. Other factors related to fertilizer N management, such as sources, placement and timing of application might be as important for grain yield improvement of inbred maize.

scholarly journals Effect of Differential Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization on Subsequent Recovery of Isotopically Labeled Fertilizer Nitrogen by Mature Almond Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 755F-755
Author(s):  
Steven A. Weinbaum ◽  
Wesley P. Asai ◽  
David A. Goldhamer ◽  
Franz J.A. Niederholzer ◽  
Tom T. Muraoka
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Legitimate Concern ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N

There is legitimate concern that excessive fertilizer nitrogen (N) application rates adversely affect groundwater quality in the San Joaquin Valley of California. A 5-year study was conducted to assess the interrelationships between N fertilization rates, tree productivity, leaf [N], soil [NO–3], tree recovery of isotopically labeled fertilizer N, and NO–3 leaching. High N trees recovered <50% as much labeled fertilizer N in the crop as did trees previously receiving low to moderate fertilizer application rates. Our data suggest that the dilution of labeled N in the soil by high residual levels of NO–3 in the soil had a greater effect than tree N status (as expressed by leaf N concentration) on the relative recovery of fertilizer N.

scholarly journals In Field Measurements of Nitrogen Mineralization following Fall Applications of N and the Termination of Winter Cover Crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S13861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey G. Lacey ◽  
Shalamar D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
N Application ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Little is known about the timing and quantity of nitrogen (N) mineralization from cover crop residue following cover crop termination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the impact of cover crop species on the return of fall applied N to the soil in the spring following chemical and winter terminations. Fall N was applied (200 kg N ha−1) into a living stand of cereal rye, tillage radish, and control (no cover crop). After chemical termination in the spring, soil samples were collected weekly and were analyzed for inorganic N (NO3-N and NH4-N) to investigate mineralization over time. Cereal rye soil inorganic N concentrations were similar to that of the control in both the spring of 2012 and 2013. Fall N application into tillage radish, cereal rye, and control plots resulted in an average 91, 57, and 66% of the fall N application rate as inorganic N in the spring at the 0-20 cm depth, respectively. The inclusion of cover crops into conventional cropping systems stabilized N at the soil surface and has the potential to improve the efficiency of fall applied N.

Rate and time of fertilizer nitrogen application on yield, protein and apparent efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen use of spring wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
E. J. Botha ◽  
H. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
N Status

Use of an in-season measurement of crop nitrogen (N) status to optimize fertilizer N management has been proposed as a means of optimizing yield of spring wheat while minimizing environmental N losses. This study determined the effect of the rate and time of fertilizer N application on the grain yield, grain protein, and apparent recovery of fertilizer N in grain and in the above-ground plant for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2001–2003, and evaluated the use of a SPAD-502 meter to measure crop N status in spring wheat. Sixteen N fertility treatments were used, including application of different rates of fertilizer N (0–160 kg N ha-1) applied pre-seeding (ZGS 0), at tillering (ZGS 21) and at shooting (ZGS 32) as ammonium nitrate. Split N application provided no benefit in terms of grain yield or apparent recovery of fertilizer N. Application of fertilizer N at ZGS 32 reduced crop yield and apparent recovery of fertilizer N compared with N application at ZGS 0. Application of fertilizer N at ZGS 21 reduced yield and apparent recovery of fertilizer N in grain in 2 of 3 yr, but had no effect on apparent recovery of fertilizer N in the above-ground plant. Delayed fertilizer N application generally increased grain protein. Fertilizer N can be applied at ZGS 21 as required to optimize grain yield provided at least some fertilizer N is applied prior to seeding; however, crop N status cannot reliably be assessed at this time using a SPAD-502 meter. Crop N status can be assessed at ZGS 32 using a SPAD-502 meter; however, fertilizer N application at this time primarily influences grain protein rather than grain yield. These results highlight the need for a means of predicting soil N mineralization potential in order to optimize grain yield in humid environments where carry-over of soil nitrate from the previous growing season is limited. Key words: Triticum aestivum; N mineralization; soil N supply; SPAD-502 meter, leaf chlorophyll index

Cover crop management effects on soybean and corn growth and nitrogen dynamics in an on-farm study

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Karlen ◽  
J. W. Doran
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Early Season ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Ridge Tillage

AbstractCombining cover crops and conservation tillage may result in more sustainable agricultural production practices. Objectives of this on-farm study were to quantify effects of cover crops on growth and nitrogen accumulation by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr,] and corn (Zea mays L.) on a Nicollet loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) near Boone, Iowa, Our farmer-cooperator planted soybean in 1988 using ridge tillage into an undisturbed strip with a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L. Roth) cover crop and into a strip where previous crop residue and a negligible amount of cover crop had been incorporated by autumn and spring disking. In each strip, we established four plots for soil and plant measurements. Our cooperator planted corn on the same strips in 1989 into a cover crop that consisted of both hairy vetch and winter rye (Secale cereale L.). We determined the source of N accumulated by the corn by applying 67 kg N/ha of 15N depleted NH4NO3 fertilizer. In the absence of cover crops, early season soil NO3-N levels in the top 30 cm were higher, and corn growth and N accumulation were more rapid. At harvest, the corn grain, stover, and cob together accounted for 36 and 39 percent of the 15N fertilizer for the ridge tillage and disked treatments, respectively. We suggest that lower net mineralization of organic matter or greater denitrification losses before planting reduced the availability of soil N, This created an early season Nstress in corn grown with cover crops that was not overcome by broadcast fertilizer N applied three weeks after planting. Our on-farm research study has helped focus continuing efforts to determine if non-recovered fertilizer N is being immobilized in microbial biomass, lost by denitrification, or leached below the plant root zone.

Ryegrass populations from intensively managed leys: II. Reaction to nitrogen and Poa trivialis L.

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Reverse Effect ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

SUMMARYA Lolium perenne L. population derived from a very productive 6-year-old S.23 ley was compared with that obtained from breeders' seed of S.23. The ryegrasses wqre grown in boxes sown separately, together, and also with Poa trivialis L. Three rates of nitrogen were applied equivalent to 28, 336 and 672 kg N/ha.The results obtained when the two ryegrasses were sown separately differed from those obtained in mixtures. When sown alone, the difference between the two ryegrass populations was small, but the ‘survivor’ ryegrass had a slightly higher yield of dry matter and nitrogen at some sampling dates and fertilizer nitrogen rates. In the mixture of the two ryegrasses, S.23 was higher yielding than the ‘survivor’ population when the equivalent of 672 kg N/ha was applied, but not at lower nitrogen rates.When grown as pure swards, P. trivialis did not yield as much dry matter and nitrogen as L. perenne at the highest N application. In the intergeneric mixtures, the total yield of ryegrass × P. trivialis was not very different from that of ryegrass sown alone. P. trivialis depressed the yield of ryegrass in May and June, particularly when fertilizer N was applied; the reverse effect was recorded later in the year. Total drymatter yield of ryegrass and P. trivialis grown together was similar at the highest fertilizer N rate, but the yield of N was much higher in ryegrass than in P. trivialis.

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