scholarly journals Appraisal of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in District Swat, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Owais ◽  
Saima Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Deforestation Rate ◽  
Geospatial Tools ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
The Right

14 September, 2019 Accepted: 07 October, 2019Abstract: Deforestation and forest degradation are not only a problem of north western mountainous region of Pakistanbut it is one of the main global environmental issues. To find out deforestation rate and its extent in Swat, KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Landsat 5 (October 2, 2011) and Landsat 8 OLI (October 15, 2016) data were processed in CarnegieLandsat Analysis System (CLASlite v3.3). Primary data related to deforestation in Swat were also obtained from localpeople through a structured questionnaire. Primary data were analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS). Changes in land cover can be clearly identified during image analysis. The temporal analysis of forest coverbetween 2011 and 2016 showed a significant change in forest cover. About 11 km² area is converted from forest tobarren land, while approximately 9,985 km² area of forest cover was degraded. The perceived causes of deforestation inthe study area are unsustainable use and mismanagement of forest resources, population growth, plantation ofeucalyptus and lack of basic facilities and awareness. However, community ignorance is the main factor responsible fordeforestation and forest degradation. One of the major consequences of deforestation can be related to the totaldisappearance of Charchur waterfall in Talang Kota lower Swat in September 2016. Therefore, it is the right time tomove toward sustainable management, detection and monitoring of national forest reserves by using geospatial tools,and by the involvement of local communities to participate in decision making about the conservation of forestresources.

scholarly journals Appraisal of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in District Swat, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Owais ◽  
Saima Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Deforestation Rate ◽  
Geospatial Tools ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
The Right

14 September, 2019 Accepted: 07 October, 2019Abstract: Deforestation and forest degradation are not only a problem of north western mountainous region of Pakistanbut it is one of the main global environmental issues. To find out deforestation rate and its extent in Swat, KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Landsat 5 (October 2, 2011) and Landsat 8 OLI (October 15, 2016) data were processed in CarnegieLandsat Analysis System (CLASlite v3.3). Primary data related to deforestation in Swat were also obtained from localpeople through a structured questionnaire. Primary data were analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS). Changes in land cover can be clearly identified during image analysis. The temporal analysis of forest coverbetween 2011 and 2016 showed a significant change in forest cover. About 11 km² area is converted from forest tobarren land, while approximately 9,985 km² area of forest cover was degraded. The perceived causes of deforestation inthe study area are unsustainable use and mismanagement of forest resources, population growth, plantation ofeucalyptus and lack of basic facilities and awareness. However, community ignorance is the main factor responsible fordeforestation and forest degradation. One of the major consequences of deforestation can be related to the totaldisappearance of Charchur waterfall in Talang Kota lower Swat in September 2016. Therefore, it is the right time tomove toward sustainable management, detection and monitoring of national forest reserves by using geospatial tools,and by the involvement of local communities to participate in decision making about the conservation of forestresources.

scholarly journals A study on deforestation in hilly areas of Haryana using Remote Sensing and GIS technique

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Anju Jangra ◽  
Anurag Airon ◽  
Ram Niwas
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Deforestation Rate ◽  
Gis Technique ◽  
Prime Concern

Forest is an essential part or backbone of the earth ecological system. In a country like India, the people and the economy of nation is mainly relies on the diversity of natural resources. In today's world degradation of forest resources is a prime concern for many of the scientists and environmentalists because the canvas had been transformed from last few decades to cultivated and non-cultivated land. In India, Haryana state has lowest forest cover i.e. 3.59% followed by Punjab 3.65%. Over the several decades, the advancement of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) technique has emerged as an efficient tool to monitor and analyse deforestation rate in hilly areaor over a variety of location. Remote sensing based vegetation indices show better sensitivity than individual band reflectance and hence are more preferred for assessment and monitoring of tress. The aim of the present study was to analyse the deforestation in hilly areas in Haryana State (India) by remote sensing data with a special focus on Panchkula and Yamunanagar. The information was collected through the LANDSAT 8 satellite of NASA. The result revealed that the deforestation rate is high in Hilly areas of Haryana. The study shows that the forest cover in hilly areas of Haryana in 2013 was 50,879.07 hectares and in 2019 it was 44,445.51 hectares of land. Thereby decrease in forest cover of 6,433.56 hectares had been observed in the study period of 2013-2019 i.e. 6 years. Spatial variations in deforestation were also mapped in GIS for the hilly areas in Panchkula and Yamunanagar districts of Haryana.  

scholarly journals Value Chain of Charcoal Production and Implications for Forest Degradation: Case Study of Bié Province, Angola

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco Chiteculo ◽  
Bohdan Lojka ◽  
Peter Surový ◽  
Vladimir Verner ◽  
Dimitrios Panagiotidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Forest Cover Change ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Urban Consumption

Forest degradation and forest loss threaten the survival of many species and reduce the ability of forests to provide vital services. Clearing for agriculture in Angola is an important driver of forest degradation and deforestation. Charcoal production for urban consumption as a driver of forest degradation has had alarming impacts on natural forests, as well as on the social and economic livelihood of the rural population. The charcoal impact on forest cover change is in the same order of magnitude as deforestation caused by agricultural expansion. However, there is a need to monitor the linkage between charcoal production and forest degradation. The aim of this paper is to investigate the sequence of the charcoal value chain as a systematic key to identify policies to reduce forest degradation in the province of Bié. It is a detailed study of the charcoal value chain that does not stop on the production and the consumption side. The primary data of this study came from 330 respondents obtained through different methods (semi-structured questionnaire survey and market observation conducted in June to September 2013–2014). A logistic regression (logit) model in IBM SPSS Statistics 24 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the factors influencing the decision of the households to use charcoal for domestic purposes. The finding indicates that 21 to 27 thousand hectares were degraded due to charcoal production. By describing the chain of charcoal, it was possible to access the driving factors for charcoal production and to obtain the first-time overview flow of charcoal from producers to consumers in Bié province. The demand for charcoal in this province is more likely to remain strong if government policies do not aim to employ alternative sources of domestic energy.

scholarly journals Long Term Monitoring of Ghana’s Forest Reserves Using Google Earth Engine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Dacosta Osei ◽  
S. A. Andam-Akorful ◽  
Edward Matthew Osei jnr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Deforestation Rate ◽  
Noaa Avhrr ◽  
Forestry Commission ◽  
Google Earth Engine

Farm activities continued sand winning operations and the allocation of plots of land to prospective developers in Ghana pose a serious threat to the forest covers and lifespan of the Forest and game reserves. With all the positive add ups to the country from forests, Ghana has lost more than 33.7%(equivalent to 2,500,000 hectares) of its forest, since the early 1990s between 2005 and 2010, the rate of deforestation in Ghana was estimated at 2.19% per annum; the sixth highest deforestation rate globally for that period. This shows how important forest monitoring can be to the forestry commission in Ghana. Despite the frameworks which have been developed to help Ghana to protect and restore its forest resources, inadequate monitoring systems remain a barrier to effective implementation. In this study, Google earth engine was used to map and analyze the structural changes of forest cover using JavaScript to query and compute Landsat, MODIS and NOAA AVHRR satellite imageries of the study area (Ghana) with spatial resolutions 30m, 250m and 7km respectively. A supervised classification was performed on three multi-temporal satellite imageries and a total of six major land use and land cover classes were identified and mapped. By using random Forest-classification technique, from 1985 to 2018 recorded by NOAA AVHRR, forest cover has decreased by 66% and 2000 to 2018 recorded by Landsat and MODIS 61% and 47% respectively. A decrease in the forest has been as a result of anthropogenic activities in Ghana. A change detection analysis was performed on these images and it was noted that Ghana is losing forest reserves in every 5years. Overlay of the reserved forest of the 2000 and the classified map of 2018 shows vegetation changed during 2000-2018 remarkably. Therefore, forest-related institutions like the Forestry Commission can employ and use this monitoring system on Google Earth Engine for processing satellite images particularly Landsat, MODIS and NOAA AVHRR for forest cover monitoring and analysis for fast, efficient and reliable results.

scholarly journals Applying Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Data and Markov-Cellular Automata to Predict Forest Cover Change and Forest Degradation of Sundarban Reserve Forest, Bangladesh

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1016
Author(s):  
Mohammad Emran Hasan ◽  
Biswajit Nath ◽  
A.H.M. Raihan Sarker ◽  
Zhihua Wang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Forest Cover Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Reserve Forest ◽  
Health Quality

Overdependence on and exploitation of forest resources have significantly transformed the natural reserve forest of Sundarban, which shares the largest mangrove territory in the world, into a great degradation status. By observing these, a most pressing concern is how much degradation occurred in the past, and what will be the scenarios in the future if they continue? To confirm the degradation status in the past decades and reveal the future trend, we took Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) as an example, and used satellite Earth observation historical Landsat imagery between 1989 and 2019 as existing data and primary data. Moreover, a geographic information system model was considered to estimate land cover (LC) change and spatial health quality of the SRF from 1989 to 2029 based on the large and small tree categories. The maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) technique was employed to classify the historical images with five different LC types, which were further considered for future projection (2029) including trends based on 2019 simulation results from 1989 and 2019 LC maps using the Markov-cellular automata model. The overall accuracy achieved was 82.30%~90.49% with a kappa value of 0.75~0.87. The historical result showed forest degradation in the past (1989–2019) of 4773.02 ha yr−1, considered as great forest degradation (GFD) and showed a declining status when moving with the projection (2019–2029) of 1508.53 ha yr−1 and overall there was a decline of 3956.90 ha yr−1 in the 1989–2029 time period. Moreover, the study also observed that dense forest was gradually degraded (good to bad) but, conversely, light forest was enhanced, which will continue in the future even to 2029 if no effective management is carried out. Therefore, by observing the GFD, through spatial forest health quality and forest degradation mapping and assessment, the study suggests a few policies that require the immediate attention of forest policy-makers to implement them immediately and ensure sustainable development in the SRF.

scholarly journals Trends of land cover change in a key biological corridor in Central Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
KRIPA NEUPANE ◽  
AMBIKA P. GAUTAM ◽  
ARUN REGMI
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Biological Corridor ◽  
Conservation Awareness ◽  
Land Cover Maps

Neupane K, Gautam AP, Regmi A. 2017. Trends of land cover change in a key biological corridor in Central Nepal. Asian J For 1: 50-55. The study analyzed the changes in land cover in one of the key biological corridors in Central Nepal called the Barandabhar Corridor located in Chitwan District, during the last two decades (i.e. 1991 to 2013). The study is based on analysis of satellite imageries (Landsat 5 TM of 1991 and Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS of 2013) and primary data on drivers of land cover change, collected from the field. Supervised Maximum Likelihood method of image classification was used to produce the land cover maps for 1991 and 2013. The result showed that forest cover in the corridor increased by 7.03% while the coverage of shrubland, water and other land cover types decreased during the study period. Implementation of community based forest management programs, low dependency on forest resources, and increase in conservation awareness among the local people are found to be the main causes behind the increase in forest cover.

scholarly journals SPATIOTEMPORAL CHANGE DETECTION IN FOREST COVER DYNAMICS ALONG LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBLE REGION OF KARAKORAM HIGHWAY, PAKISTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol IV-3 ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
Barira Rashid ◽  
Javed Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Forest Cover Change ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Karakoram Highway

Forest Cover dynamics and its understanding is essential for a country’s social, environmental, and political engagements. This research provides a methodical approach for the assessment of forest cover along Karakoram Highway. It has great ecological and economic significance because it’s a part of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Landsat 4, 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI imagery for the years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2016 respectively were subjected to supervised classification in ArcMap 10.5 to identify forest change. The study area was categorized into five major land use land cover classes i.e., Forest, vegetation, urban, open land and snow cover. Results from post classification forest cover change maps illustrated notable decrease of almost 26 % forest cover over the time period of 26 years. The accuracy assessment revealed the kappa coefficients 083, 0.78, 0.77 and 0.85, respectively. Major reason for this change is an observed replacement of native forest cover with urban areas (12.5 %) and vegetation (18.6 %) However, there is no significant change in the reserved forests along the study area that contributes only 2.97 % of the total forest cover. The extensive forest degradation and risk prone topography of the region has increased the environmental risk of landslides. Hence, effective policies and forest management is needed to protect not only the environmental and aesthetic benefits of the forest cover but also to manage the disaster risks. Apart from the forest assessment, this research gives an insight of land cover dynamics, along with causes and consequences, thereby showing the forest degradation hotspots.

scholarly journals Forest Management Regimes and Drivers of Forest Cover Loss in Forest Reserves in the High Forest Zone of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Frank Ankomah ◽  
Boateng Kyereh ◽  
Michael Ansong ◽  
Winston Asante
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
Forest Cover Loss

Forest cover loss, particularly those arising from deforestation and forest degradation, is largely driven by human activities and has attracted global attention over the decades. Globally, countries have adopted strategies to manage and conserve forests in response to these human disturbances. Ghana’s strategy to ensure sustainable management of the forest and its estate was to zone the forest into management regimes based on the resource availability and the object of managing those particular areas. Whilst forest degradation and its drivers and actors have been widely reported in Ghana, it is not known how forest management regimes influence these issues. Focusing on four forest reserves in the high forest zone of Ghana, this paper used interviews of key forest stakeholders, analysis of Forestry Commission field reports, and field verification to demonstrate the effect of forest management regimes on drivers of forest degradation. A combination of many proximate and underlying factors was observed to drive degradation in a synergetic way. The main drivers which were identified and their corresponding actors varied and manifested differently across management regimes. The strive by forest landowners to earn revenue from the protected forest, perceived unfair payment of ground rents for protected areas by Timber Utilization Contract holders, poor forest management practices on the part of forestry personnel, nondeterrent penalties, poor forest monitoring, the granting of compartment re-entry permits to harvest residual yield, overdependence on few species, weak enforcement of forest regulations, and perceived corruption on the part of forestry officials were the major underlying factors that impact on how the drivers manifested in various regimes. Our study reveals that the primary forest stakeholders of the country are the main actors of forest degradation and have developed various means convenient for specific regimes that enable them to benefit from the forest at the expense of conservation.

Bantuan Hukum Cuma-Cuma Bagi Tersangka yang Tidak Mampu Pada Tingkat Penyidikan

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rio Saputra ◽  
Mokhammad Najih
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Study Techniques ◽  
The Right

<p><em>Suspects have the right to obtain legal assistance, especially for suspects who are classified as economically disadvantaged in accordance with Article 56 of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). The facts show that there are many irregularities in the implementation of legal aid, therefore it is necessary to know about the implementation of free legal aid for suspects who are incapacitated at the level of investigation and the factors that become obstacles in the implementation of legal aid. This legal research is an empirical legal research and this research is descriptive in nature. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The techniques used to collect data were document study techniques and interview techniques. Inhibiting factors affecting the implementation of free legal aid for suspects who are unable at the level of investigation can be classified and differentiated into 3 factors, namely, legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture).</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Legal Aid, Criminal Cases</em></p>

Economic value analysis of mangrove forest ecosystems in Sorong, West Papua Province

2014 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Roger R Tabalessy
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The People ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Mangrove Wood

Coastal areas can either meet the human needs or give great contribution to the development. However, rapid infrastrural development in Sorong, west Papua, has been followed by high demand for mangrove timber and caused mangrove forest degradation due to exploitation. This exploitation could also result from high economic value of the mangrove timber. This study was done to analyze the economic value of mangrove wood utilized by the people to support the development process in Sorong. This study used primary data obtained through interviews and the economic value calculation of mangrove forests. It found that Sorong had mangrove economic value of IDR 165,197,833, 491. Wilayah pesisir selain dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup manusia juga memberikan kontribusi yang besar bagi pembangunan. Cepatnya pembangunan infrastruktur di Kota Sorong diikuti pula dengan tingginya permintaan akan kayu mangrove dan menyebabkan terjadinya degradasi hutan mangrove akibat eksploitasi. Eksploitasi ini disebabkan juga akibat kayu mangrove memiliki nilai ekonomi. Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai ekonomi kayu mangrove yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Kota Sorong dalam proses menunjang pembangunan. Penelitian ini menggunakkan data primer yang diperoleh melalui hasil wawancara dan perhitungan nilai ekonomi hutan mangrove. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai ekonomi ekosistem hutan mangrove yang berada di Kota Sorong adalah Rp165.197.833.491.

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